Business Concept

Business Concept 1. 1 The Company Siomai You Like is the newest food cart franchising business of this generetion. As its name suggests, it offers siomai one of the most popular Chinese snack products known to Pinoys. This foodcart will served the newest taste of siomai in town. Siomai You Like offers foodcart concepts to aspiring and start-up entrepreneurs who are looking for affordable business of their own. The company will keep growing and improving with the ever increasing market demand through a good comprehensive and good system both franchise and consumers.To be the best service to their clients among Food cart Franchise Business Industry in the Philippines. Mission: †¢ We aim to place ourselves in the A, B, C, and D market. †¢ We provide excellent service to our clients and consumers with the right product on time and a well-trained service staff. †¢ To increase our competetence, we developed Tuna Siomai to give the conventional product a totally different but flavorful twist. †¢ A key to help Filipino engage to a business without having a hard time decision making in Franchising. †¢ To be competitive and we dare to be different.This is the concept of Siomai You Like, for that we will roll more innovative product that the market will readily embrace in the future. 1. 3 The Product The brand name of this is Siomai You Like. Siomai You Like offers variety of siomai such as pork siomai, beef siomai, japanese siomai, and shrimp siomai and also serves tuna siomai and chicken siomai. How does it work? PORK,SHRIMP,BEEF,CHIKEN SIOMAI,TUNA SIOMAI| * 1 kg Lean ground Pork   or 1 kg Prawn (shrimp) peeled or ground beef/chicken chicken breasts or ground tuna * 1/3 cup chopped water chestnuts or turnips (singkamas) 1/3 cup chopped carrots * 2 medium or 1 large minced onion(s) * bunch of spring onions or leeks * 1 egg * 5 tablespoons sesame oil * 1 teaspoon freshly ground pepper * 1 teaspoon salt * 50 pcs. large or 100 pcs. small wanton or siomai wrapper * soy sauce, calamansi (lemon or kumquats), sesame oil and chilli paste (for the sauce) Wrapper: * 1/4 cup water * 1 egg * 1 tablespoon vegetable or corn oil * 1/4 teaspoon salt * 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour Chilli Paste: * 1/8 kilo Chillies (Siling Labuyo) * 3 tablespoons cooking oil * 2 cloves garlic, peeled and mincedSiomai Cooking Instructions:| * Mix all the ingredients for the filling in a bowl. * Spoon 1 tablespoon of mixture into each wrapper. Fold and seal. * Meanwhile, boil water and brush steamer with oil. * When the water gets to a rolling boil, arrange the siomai in the steamer and let stand for 15-20 minutes, longer for larger pieces. * Serve with soy sauce, calamansi and sesame oil. Chilli paste is optional. Wrapper: * Beat egg and mix with flour till free of lumps. * Bring water, cooking oil and salt to a boil, then pour in flour. Remove from heat and beat until mixture forms a ball. * Divide the dough into 1 1/4 -inch balls. * Roll each ball on a fl oured board until paper thin. Set aside. * Simplest version of chilli sauce would be to chop chillies well and fry them in oil, sesame or vegetable oil, never olive oil if you want it to have a Filipino taste. Chilli Paste:Combine chopped chillies and minced garlic then simmer for around 20 minutes or till most of the water has evaporated. Add oil, simmer and stir well. Table 1 Product Value Product | Description| 1.Newness| A high-quality in an affordable price in franchising. | 2. Functionality/Performance| Help Filipino engage to a business without having a hard time decision making in Franchising. | 3. Flexibility/Customization| Provide excellent service to our clients and consumers with the right product on time and a well-trained service staff. | 4. Quality| Fit for the consumer’s taste buds in an affordable price as well as the franchising system. | 5. Price| Affordable price. | 6. Brand| Siomai You Like| Table 2 Product Description Product Description| Description| . Styling| Steamed, always served fresh and hot. | 2. Quality | Its mouthwatering pork, shrimp, Japanese, tuna and chicken siomai welcomes its loyal customers due to its freshness and fantastic taste. It is always served fresh and moist, always served fresh and hot, we make sure that the steamer is always there to keep the freshness and hotness of the siomai. | 3. Safety| Always served fresh and hot and the ingredients used are always keep refrigerated. | 4. Packaging| Served in an elongated paper plate, with lemon or with hot and spicy paste. | Business Concept CRITIQUE THE BUSINESS CONCEPTS, AND MAKE SUGGESTION IMPROVEMENT 1. The Company Goal Are To Provide A High Quality Dry Cleaning Service That Is Both Reliable And Convenient. Cities targeted are those surrounded by the suburbs where people commute via mass transit. With the ease in which customers will drop-off and pick-up dry cleaning they will be placed at the site where passengers meet their train or bus into the city (i. . , park-and-ride locations and commuter train station). Due to only a few locations can be rented, for other locations that may not have existing facilities and pick-up and drop-off booths will be built to facilitate this service. Improvements must be made in the amount of room in the station building or just need to be wide to accommodate racks for hanging dry cleaning are completion. 2. Hub-And-Spoke System. 3.Most of The Hiring Will Be Targeted To Area College Student. In terms of quality time, college students are the best candidates to be employees, this is because college students have different schedules and classes are sometimes held at noon, 10:00 to 3:00. Thus, the service offers same day service can be implemented. But disadvantages if college students are targets for recruitment, they can only work for 3 hours.To improve the business concept, the supply will get overtime pay and the provision of additional accommodation for the students who want to work overtime. 4. The First Shift Of Drop-Off Station Workers Will Begin At 6. 00 Am And Finish 9. 00 Pm. In the beginning, two shifts of workers will be needed to facilitate the transit station. Only a van driver at any time will be given. In expand their business, additional vans are available and additional drivers will be hired to launch a business.

AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival

AIDS has proved to be among the most serious challenges to mankind’s health in the 21st century. Given its devastating effect in Africa and the fact that a cure for AIDS is still far removed, governments across the world made the fight against the disease their priority.Innovative methods are observable in Brazilian and Indian societies where authorities act in line with or opposing cultural patterns. Thus, in India the government successfully taps local barbers to talk about AIDS to their clients, reinforcing their sense of worth and respect as folk counselors.Love of movies offers another vehicle for marketing condoms. In Brazil the anti-AIDS campaigners come to grips with machismo of the local men who leave women with little bargaining power to insist on the use of condoms.The efforts to market condoms to population have proved effective, raising awareness of AIDS dangers and role of condoms in prevention of the deadly infection.The US situation is vastly different from tha t of Brazil and India and thus requires different marketing methods. The absolute majority of Americans have no financial problem with buying condoms, and women have a lot more clout to insist on their use.At the same time, sex out of marriage is less of a sin in the liberal American culture, especially among younger generation, which makes it easier for person to have multiple partners.As for campaigning, Americans are less prone to believe things they see on the screen or hear from a counselor, since in the culture of excessive marketing people at a certain age develop a sort of immunity to public messages. For this reason, Brazilian and Indian methods would not work as well for the US.London International Group correctly focuses on its role in the prevention of AIDS. To strengthen this message, the company could launch courses at schools or colleges that would include just a few sessions, promoting the knowledge of the infection and the way condoms can fend off the danger.Alterna tively, the company can sponsor the production of documentaries about AIDS and its victims.Case 4-7. AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival.

Opinions of Jane Goodall

The work of Jane Goodall has been recognized by many people around the world. Her contributions have been significant in our world today. Although most comments and opinions of her work have been positive, there are also people who oppose what she has done as well. She has studied chimpanzees and their behavior since she was of a young age, giving plenty of time for opinions to form regarding her as a person and her work as well. The positive opinions of Jane Goodall outweigh all the bad ones. Based upon interviews of my colleagues, the comments were all of the positive nature. They believe that Goodall has definitely made a difference in our world. She has helped us discover the theory of evolution and how this could actually be true. She also taught us where humans get some of their behavior based upon those of the chimpanzees. Moreover, people admire her determination and moral standards. She has founded the Jane Goodall Institute and devotes all of her time protecting the chimpanzees and their environment as well as supporting the research at Gombe. She is thought of as a role model because she is devoted to something that she does not have to do, she does her work because she cares and is determined to do what she loves. On the other hand, some primatologists have suggested flaws in Jane Goodall’s methodology which may call into question whether or not her observations are valid. Some say she did not use the right practices, for instance, naming the primates instead of numbering them, to eliminate the chance of having emotional attachment. Also, critics also say she did wrong by using feeding stations to attract the Gombe chimpanzees. It was suggested that the more aggression occurred because of artificial feeding, creating the â€Å"wars† that Goodall talked about. There were not many negative opinions of Goodall as a human being, she was just criticized of her work and the way she went about doing things. Like every person out there, there are people who approve or disapprove of someone and what they do. Jane Goodall made a difference in the way we think about evolution and our behavior. She helped us understand where we could have perhaps gotten some of our attributes and what affects our behavior. The chimpanzees were similar to humans, in the way that they behave and the way they go about in our daily lives. Jane Goodall has given everyone something to think about and continues to so, making amazing contributions even today.

Heart of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heart of Change - Research Paper Example All these transformations often require change in order to serve the customers in the most efficient manner. From American Competitiveness (2012), change is not easy to accomplish by managers in the organizations, as most companies believe that change is making people think differently. They more often base their ideas on idealistic, unseen promises of reward that makes it difficult in moving people into action. People often resist change because the risk of change might be seen to be greater than the risk to remain in the same position they were as before. Making people change requires them to have faith that enables them to believe in unseen promises or developments in the company. Moreover, other people resist change because they often want to be associated with people and companies who are identified with the old way. Humans live as social species and always wish to be connected with the people or companies they are familiar with. In addition to the above the employees of compani es fear change because reformers might have hidden agendas that may make them lose their jobs (Schuler 2003). Therefore, change requires competent managers who have to make people feel differently than changing their thoughts. Change therefore would be effective if it makes those to be changed see and feel the change. Companies should be heart centered rather than being mind when effecting change. Thus, winning people’s commitment to change requires managers to engage people emotionally and rationally. Companies do not well understand that emotional change goes a long way to making their workers accept the new ways of doing things in their offices. However, failure to listen to and respond to workers’ rational objections and their beliefs by organizations is a show of disrespect to them and making assumptions that the workers will be aware the importance innovative change would have to them (Costello 2012). By following the right procedure in effecting changes in an or ganization often boosts the morale of employees who feel that their culture is also taken care of. Forcing people to adopt certain changes is a show of lack of respect and the company would not achieve her goals by so doing. He continues to assert that managers and organizations often make mistakes in attempting to make changes. It is true that a few only companies manage in effecting change successfully unlike what happens in other organizations. Poor knowledge of how change should be done often leads to the loss of big sums of money by organizations may cause lots of pain and headache in trying to make workers believe the effectiveness of the change. With regard to this, there are steps that must be followed in trying to effect change. The first is the establishment of the need for change in the organization. As one who is articulating for reforms, the need to make the management and organization trust the need for any change is vital. Through this, the reformer gains enough coope ration. Should this be impossible, the team players would be dissatisfied and would lack a feeling of contentment for the change process. Knowing what complacency implies and coming up with proper strategies to overcoming complacency go hand in hand in establishing a sense of urgency amongst the team players. Next is the establishment of the right members in the team. Members who understand what it takes to bring about change. The members must have the

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic HRM - Essay Example esearch for best practice and RBV perspectives especially when there are examples of firms such as Google that have successful employed these perspectives. However, it is concluded that the greater success of best-fit perspective does not mean best practices and RBV perspectives should be discarded as the two have important contribution to management efforts to improve organisational performance. According to Barney (1991), firms establish competitive advantage over the rest within a particular industry when they control heterogeneous resources including human resources. Further, such resources of the firm must not be perfectly mobile or transferable across the rest of competing firms in order to establish a long-lasting heterogeneity. Therefore, the RBV of a firm model argues that a firm that successfully creates sustainable competitive advantage over the rest in an industry is one that has unique resources and capabilities within the environment. To establish how a firm controls its resources, Barney (1991) established the VRIN model to account for valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, non-Substitutable features of resources that a firm must control to establish its competitive advantage in an industry. Therefore, establishing competitive advantage based on these features of resources is perceived as the best approach for firms to enhance their performance and be ahead of others in the industry. While applying RBV of a firm to HRM Boxall and Purcell (2003) argues that firms adopting this framework will establish human resource advantage over the rest in the industry. For firms adopting this framework in their practices, the goal according to the authors is develop strategic capability in terms of strategic fit between resources and opportunities. Additionally, such firms must endeavour to ensure deployed resources generate benefit while recruitment and employment policies result in developing people with knowledge and skills essential in strategic thinking and

Marymount University computer lab Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marymount University computer lab - Term Paper Example This part takes 11days of the time schedule with the first week of activity being exclusively the meetings before the process of gathering information on the current system also begins to run concurrently with it for the remaining eight days. The next stage is the discussion and analysis of the risks and the financial requirements of the project. This stage runs for three days as shown in the graphs and charts and begins immediately after requirement gathering stage. The second last activity is the obtainment of the building approvals by the relevant authorities that takes five days. The very last activity is the movement of equipment to the building that also takes five days. This section explains the expenditure throughout the whole project. The financial plan is generally divided into two main parts which are the requirement gathering and development part and the maintenance section. The main focus here is in the development part. The other budget estimation that also experienced a lower actual amount is the Mice budget that was first set for $50 and the actual figure comes up to $40 giving a deference of $10 on the actual estimated values. The other budgets are expected to run in line with the actual budgeted figures as earlier estimated making the schedule more realistic and precise as expected. This gives the entire budget for the project to

Outliers and The Rockefellers Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outliers and The Rockefellers Habits - Essay Example This is evident by the way he has intensified research and development in the company as well as the intensive marketing strategies that he has put in place. As a result of his hardworking aspect, he has served in several senior positions such as general manager of Coca-Cola Central Asia and Turkey prior to becoming the CEO (Gladwell 27). Kent is innovative. This has enabled him to diversify the company products based on the market needs. Additionally, the CEO has established an expansive research and development that has ensured that the company brands meet the international standards. In this way, the products are acceptable in all countries. Fifthly, the CEO is academically qualified. Based on the size of Coca-Cola Company, it is imperative to note that the skills that Kent gained while in Tarsus American College, University of Hull and Cass Business School in London have significantly enhanced his performance making him successful. Coca-Cola is focused at developing its employees. In this regard, the company has provided ample opportunities that ensure employees undertake part time studies thus enhancing their skills. For example, the company has established Coca-Cola University that is focused at talent development as well as leadership enhancement. Another notable handful rule of Coca-Cola is to increase productivity. Despite the stiff competition in the soft drink industry, Coca-Cola has undertaken extensive marketing strategies with an aim of putting at bay its rivals such as Pepsi. As a result, the company revenue has continued to increase thus making it one of the most profitable companies in the world. Coca-Cola is also aimed at product diversification to meet the needs of its customers in the international market. Under the strong leadership of Kent, Coca-Cola has launched more than 500 brands thus making its sales to be high in all regions. Through such wide range of products, the company has attracted a large network of

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of Essay

Why are there so many nursing organizations Is the large number of nursing assocations a value or a hindrance to the Profession - Essay Example Previous years have attested that there were increased global demand for nurses with vast opportunities in terms of financial remuneration and career opportunities. The lucrative prospects given to nursing graduates and immediate placement in hospitals and health care institutions all over the world invited more students to pursue the nursing career. With various international hospitals requiring nursing staff from various cultural orientations, the nursing associations flourished to give nurses the options to choose based on nurse values and principles. These associations professionalize the standards expected of nursing and regulate the quality of health care to be adhered to under ethical and moral codes. When the number of positions was ultimately filled globally, nursing institutions and associations continue to accept applications for nurses without enough local, state or federal jurisdictions to monitor and control the supply. The effect was oversupply of nurses that could not be employed. Further, young graduates fresh from nursing associations were deemed lacking in health care experience and in the required high quality of patient care. Without enough hospitals or health care institutions to accept these young nurses to further their exposure, actual training and experience in health care, problems with employment currently arise.

The influence of books & reading on the main character as a child in Essay

The influence of books & reading on the main character as a child in the novel Anton Reiser by Karl Philipp Moritz - Essay Example to one particular aspect of the work, namely, the analogy between Anton Reiser’s resort to reading books with the modern day teen phenomenon of using recreational drugs. A careful scrutiny of the early life of Reiser gives clues to his psychological development and his propensity to fall back on escapist activities. Foremost among the conditions was the family environment in which he grew up. He has a very unpleasant childhood as his parents never get along. From this backdrop of a dysfunctional family he is apprenticeship with a pietistic hat-maker proves equally troublesome and is forced to go back to school. His subsequent foray into the theatre also fails to take off. As Reiser gets pushed from one failed venture to the next, he is desperate to find an anchor to his life. It is here that books enter his life. They not only give him a feeling of liberation from his depressing reality, but also serve a therapeutic purpose (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2009. In other words, he resorts to books the way a troubled teenager would resort to recreational drugs in contemporary times. On a broader note, â€Å"Anton Reiser has been generally recognized as an important source of the Genie Periode in which the artistic temperament came into its own as fiction material, and as one of the first German followers, after Sophie la Roches Fraà ¼lein von Sternheim (1771) and Jung-Stillings Autobiography (1777), of Rous seau s Confessions and perhaps of the Sentimental Journey, unless Werther in 1774 can be considered as preceding Reiser in that field. It has many typical traits of this sensitive spirit school as well as of the Bildungsroman.† (Mà ¼ller, 1987, p.23) The relevance of Reiser’s reading habits goes much beyond escapism. As is accepted in literary circles, the focus of a high-quality literary work is not so much its plot but its aesthetics. While climax is an essential part of any work of literature, its ultimate value is determined by its artistic elements

The Absence of Consolidation in Democratic Nepal Essay

The Absence of Consolidation in Democratic Nepal - Essay Example The political parties are marginalized and bemoan the unconstitutional nature of the existing government.1 The Maoist abandoned the democratic process in 1996 and declared a "people's war" intending to establish a Maoist people's republic in the place of the constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The insurgency was low in intensity and rural until the Royal Army was used to contain the insurgency following the declaration of a state of emergency in November 2001. The insurgents now control about 70% of the country. At the pretext of quashing the insurgents, the king declared a state of emergency in early 2005, the parliament was closed down and he assumed all executive and legislative powers. On April 24, 2006, the king reinstated the House of Representatives In early May 2006, the House of Representatives declared Nepal a secular country.2 Despite several governmental efforts, superficial at the best, there was no institutionalization of democracy in Nepal. The very causes that feed the insurgency are also the barriers to consolidation of democracy, some of which are: rural poverty, uneven development between urban and rural areas, endemic corruption, persistent socio-economic inequalities and the frustration at the delivery of public goods and services from the government.3 The obstruction of public development by insurgents create a vicious cycle of poverty and social discrimination compounded by the existing issues of poverty, ethnicity, language, Dalits, gender rights, girl trafficking, ecocide with centralization, misgovernance, more official corruption, Bhutanese refugees, autocratic tendencies of democratically elected leaders, weak accountability to democratic pressures, effects of economic liberalization, etc. These failed to establish links between freedom and modernity with a rationalization of social, econ omic and political pluralism and failed to construct civil attachments of the bulk of citizens to nationhood, the political society and the key institutions of governance.4 Once a polity has been democratized, the problem of consolidation arises, which is not a mere improvement in the overall quality of democracy. Instead, this quality is a product of appropriate analyses of electoral politics and market mechanisms. '"(d)emocratic consolidation requires much more than elections and markets." Rather, a consolidated democracy is a political situation in which democracy has become "the only game in town"'5 For Schmitter, the consolidation of democracy is "the process of transforming the accidental arrangements, prudential norms and contingent solutions which have emerged during the transition from autocracy into relations of cooperation and competition that are reliably known, regularly practiced and voluntarily accepted by those person or collectivities, i.e., politicians and citizens, who participate in democratic governance."6 According to Linz and Stepan: "A democratic regime is consolidated when no significant party within the polity attempts to create a non-democratic regime, when the majority of the people, even under sever economic crises or deep dissatisfaction, believe that democratic procedures and institutions are the most appropriate way of governing the country, and when governmental and non-governmental forces

Cross cultural awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Cross cultural awareness - Essay Example This clearly states the increasing importance of globalization in the present era. With the increase in globalization, firms are employing people from diverse backgrounds and cultures. This is where the problems of cultural stereotyping arise. There is a need for firms to train the employees in the International Human Resource Management processes. IHRM involves the study of how the HR processes (Recruitment, induction, compensation, performance management, etc) are conditioned by the political, legal, economic environments and the labor practices of the countries in which their firm has subsidiaries. The cultural adaption training given to the employees is known as acculturization. In America, autonomy is given a lot of importance whereas in countries like India, most organizations have a very bureaucratic culture. Also, in America, people are risk taking and welcome uncertainty hands on. Whereas it is the complete contrast in countries like Japan where people fear taking risks (Patricia Ann Mehegan 2006). Thus, global management is all about recognizing these cultural differences, acknowledging them and adapting to them. The global firms nowadays require managers who are well trained to adapt to the cultural difference when they go as expats in other countires. Cross cultural understanding need to be a part of employee’s learning if he wants to excel in his career. The commonly held beliefs or opinions about certain individuals, cultures or communities are known as stereotypes (Richard A. Nitsche 1977). Stereotypes are basically our perceptions of something, the image we draw in our heads of a particular person or thing. These stereotypes are based on previous assumptions, which are not always verified. People stereotype a community into two categories: the in-groups and the out groups. In-groups are the group people see in a positive light and

Cross-content Lessons Essay Example for Free

Cross-content Lessons Essay Instructional design is very important towards the success or failure of children to understand the lessons that are thought by teachers. This essay will look at the instructional design of lessons for children ages 5 to 7, who have difficulty reading and studying mathematics. Designing a lesson has to do with a number of target related issues such as the level of the children, target practices and novel ways of ensuring that learning is top priority. Teachers have to be skilled enough to deal with children that bring to the classroom different learning habits and backgrounds; two factors that might impinge on their learning paces and study habits. READING LESSON: Standards – The standards set for the understanding of reading has to do with the importance of it. Mainly, the lesson should help to ensure that children by age 7 years can read fluently even in front of audiences. Their articulation habits and ways of pronunciation should be consistent with a child who has learnt how to read properly. Objectives By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: a) Pronounce words and read fluently. b) Learn how to spell words. c) Notice punctuation and learn how to use it. d) Make reading on of their pastimes. Lesson Plan and Practice – One hour of reading time is recommended after lunch or first session in the morning when children have been settled. Session 1: Learning about vowel sounds and other sounds. Intended to use the IBG Phonics tapes and voice over for children. For example, simple words like apple. Children need to understand that words are broken up into syllables. Rhyming sounds and simple sentence reading. Interestingly approaches to making out words and pronouncing them. Session 3: Spelling and recognition of words. Encouraging them to read out loudly, practice with parents or even do choral speaking sessions. Assessment – Allow children the opportunity to opportunity to engage in reading efforts and Spelling Bee competitions. a) Give the children a story to write and ask them to read it aloud in class. b) For written exams, test them on breaking words into syllables and spelling. Reflection – There are advantages and disadvantages of productive integrated instructional design. One major advantage is that the lesson structure is easy to follow and that one step leads to the other. There is supposed to be a natural progression even in the student’s mind. A disadvantage of this form of design is that sometimes the assessments are not a true indication of whether the student has learnt the art of reading. MATHEMATICS LESSON: Standards – Students should be able to do simple mathematical practices. It is important that they understand that mathematics is about knowing the principle behind formulas and practicing. Objectives – By the end of the lessons the students should be able to: a) Realize the different mathematical signs b) Understand the principle behind each of them and begin to practice working out sums. Lesson Plan and Practice – Children should at least spend quality time with the practice of mathematics. Following the lesson plan is important, but more interestingly is encouraging the student to practice the sums on their own. Session 1: Understanding the power of sums. Teaching simple adding and subtracting practices for example: If you have 10 marbles and John takes 3 marbles but puts back one marbles, how many marbles are you left with? Session 2: Understanding tables and learning them. Starting with the two times tables. Session 3: Division is tricky, so the student needs to know their tables properly first. Objects can be used to ensure that children can actually visualize the equation. Assessment Simple sums, for an end of term examination. For take home assignments, practicing sessions with parents. Reflection – This lesson design is easy to use and to follow. I believe that the best and most successful approach to learning is that the teacher spends time with each student or attempt to work in groups, so that the children can voice their challenges in grasping the formulas. A disadvantage to it is that a teacher must have a keen eye to know that the student does not understand the sum of the principle behind it. Reference Butt, Graham. 2006. Lesson Planning. Great Britain, Continuum International Publishing.

Spanish Essays Barcelona and London

Spanish Essays Barcelona and London Barcelona and London both attract a lot of immigrants from different places around the world. Barcelona and London both attract a lot of immigrants from different places around the world. This foreign population is distributed in different boroughs of the cities, but there are boroughs where the immigrant population is more important and visible than in others. This is the case in El Raval, in Barcelona, and Camden, in London. However, it seems that the integration of this immigrant population as turned out to be more difficult in El Raval than in Camden, with its population being ghettoised. Although the history of both boroughs has a lot of similarities and both were marked by recent mass immigration, it seems that different elements, such as history and culture and also the differences between the origins and types of immigrants, as well as their urban developments, led to different types of models in El Raval and in Camden. The two boroughs of Camden and El Raval, could at first glance be thought as similar places. Indeed they have a number of similarities. Both can be described as multicultural, and popular places, where one can hear all sorts of languages from all over the world, and see faces and clothes representing all kinds of ethnic backgrounds and cultures. The immigration has been in both boroughs a big part of the local history, reflected in the current proportion of immigrants. According to El Paà ­s of 13th June 2003, the percentage of immigrants in El Raval, in 2003, was 47%, which   makes El Raval the borough with the highest proportion of immigrants in Barcelona. In Camden, according to a census carried out in 2001(ONS, 2001 census), the proportion of immigrants is very similar, reaching approximately 47,8 % of the population of the borough. In both boroughs these immigrants have brought with them their cultures and traditions, and they have opened shops and restaurants selling products coming from their country of origin, and other businesses in relation to their status of immigrants as shops offering Internet access as well as cheap international calls. All these elements make them very colourful places, and a curiosity to the eye of the passer-by. But the similarity between the two boroughs does not only lie in their current appearance, but also in their history. Indeed both were at the beginning at the periphery of the city. El Raval was, until the 14th century, outside of the walls that were surrounding the city of Barcelona. It was an open field, with a few isolated houses and there was only a very small town gathered around a monastery. The main activity was agriculture. It was then integrated inside the walls of the city but remained a marginalized part of the city where structures that were not wanted in the centre of the city were built, such as hospitals or charities. It then changed with the industrialisation, which brought the first wave of immigrants from the rest of Catalonia. The main activity in the area was the textile industry. New waves of immigration arrived at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, bringing immigrants from outside Spain. The next transformation of the area arrived when after the civil war and the beginning of the dictatorship, new housing plans led to more accommodation being built in the periphery of the now extended city, with cheaper rents, leading to a lot of people to leave El Raval and moving to the outskirts of the city. The industries also moved to the periphery of the city. The borough emptied and started its degradation process (Sargatal 2001). Camden enjoyed a similar history, going from open fields out of the city to a highly industrialised place, with the flourishing of the transport industry and the construction of the canal and of train stations (Withebead 1999: 37). The building of railways and the canal brought the first big wave of immigrants, at the beginning of the 19th century : the Irish. Other waves followed including the Greek Cypriots in the 1930’s (Denford and Woodford 2003: 14). Another big industry was the Gilbey’s company, first selling wine from South Africa and then expanding to sell all sorts of wine and spirits (Withebead 1999: 60). But this industrial era was ended after the 1st World War. One of the main reasons for that was that the roads and lorries provided cheaper and faster transportation, than the canals and rails. The industries little by little deserted Camden and the people started to leave the borough, as happened in El Raval, to follow the companies and find work (Withebead 1999: 130). Both boroughs therefore went from being very popular and labour oriented to being emptied and left to degradation. They both were revived afterwards, although through different means. They both had more immigrants coming to settle there, from all over the world. In the case of El Raval, the improvements started after the end of the dictatorship, whereas in Camden the improvements started back in the 70’s with the opening of the Camden lock market which really kick started the revival of the area.  Ã‚   But as we are going to see in the following sections, although both areas have been the place of important migration, they did not evolve in the same way, and while Camden Town look like a mosaic of people with different styles, religions, backgrounds and colours, the integration of the different ethnic groups seems more difficult in El Raval. First of all, we saw above that the proportion of immigrants in both boroughs was almost identical, but there is a difference in the way the various ethnic groups are represented and the proportion of each of these groups. Indeed in El Raval, there seems to be big predominant groups of immigrants such as the Moroccan (25,39%), the Filipinos (25,06%), or the Indians, Pakistani and Bangladeshi (17,10%) (Sargatal 2001). Then in smaller proportions comes the Dominican population,   and finally people from different countries of the European Union. The fact that they are big groups of immigrants means that there are more chances that they form communities, stay together, and do not mix with other present populations. Especially so, as the biggest communities come from very different cultures, and are for a big part Muslims, which implies different religious habits, but also different ways of dealing with the family and especially with women. Indeed the Muslim women are scarcely seen in El Raval, and when they do go in the streets, it is to do some shopping but not to discuss or meet friends, as would do women from other cultures, as the Dominicans or even the native Catalan population (Sargatal 2001). In Spain, the Catholic religion is still quite strong compared to other European countries. This fact as well as the long history between Spain and the Mores, between the Catholics and the Muslims, might be significant when trying to explain the intolerance that is generally stronger towards the Muslims, and more particularly the Moroccans. Indeed they are perceived as very different and unwilling to adapt to the local tradition and culture (Gonzà ¡lez Enriquez 2002). Some fear that the loss of religiousness that is threatening Spain might help loosing the roots of the culture and help the   Muslims to impose their religion and their culture (Capel 2001). Integration for Muslims seems harder, as they not only are victims of more prejudices, but probably have more prejudices themselves against the local culture. In Camden the population seems more diversified. The biggest immigrant group, according to the 2001, is the group of non-British or Irish white people. Even though this is a big group (33,5%), this also represents a lot of different countries and cultures. The second group is the Bangladeshi (13,4%) and the third one the Africans (12,6%) (ONS, 2001 census). Then comes a lot of different groups from all over the world, with biggest proportions from Ireland, India, China and the Caribbean. This first shows that there are no big ethnic groups as in the Raval, which might ease the living together of all theses communities, and lead to a more heterogeneous population. This also shows that the biggest group is actually made of people from other Western countries which means that the cultures are less different, and therefore it is easier for these people to integrate themselves in this new country. This difference in the composition of the immigrant population also means differences in the reasons of their presence in their new country, and differences in the classes of people. Indeed, as we saw above, El Raval has a higher proportion of immigrants coming from developing countries. This means that the immigrants might have a higher proportion of people with a lack of education, or professional skills and with a lack of money. Indeed, even if it is now changing with the process of gentrification,   El Raval has been for some time the cheapest borough of Barcelona therefore attracting the people with less money, who then moved on to other parts of the city when they could afford it (Sargatal 2001). The lack of education, the unemployment, and the poverty is likely to make the integration in a new country more difficult. The lack of education means that it is maybe more difficult to understand the culture or the language of the new country, making it also difficult for the paren ts to follow what their children are doing at school. The teenagers living in this environment of unemployment and poverty, might turn to delinquency as a form of rebellion against this society in which their future seems uncertain.   In Camden as we have seen, there is a lower proportion of people coming from developing countries. Therefore, the chances of unemployment, poverty or lack of education are lower, although existent. Moreover, the unemployment is far lower in England than in Spain. Indeed, unemployment in England is 4,7%, whereas Spain had a 10,2% of unemployment in 2004. This means that the people coming to England and therefore to Camden will have more chances and opportunities of finding a job, which facilitates the integration in the new country. Also, Camden is not the cheapest borough of London. Cheaper accommodations can be found in other boroughs like Barking. This is therefore not the place of landing of destitute people when they arrive in London, as seems to be El Raval. Finally, the two boroughs’ recent history has evolved differently. In El Raval, the process of gentrification has begun very recently. The renovation of El Raval, and the attraction of higher classes of the population, as well as younger and more dynamic and   educated immigrants, might turn it into an attractive and central borough of Barcelona. (Sargatal 2001). So far there has been only housing plans, and renovations of social structures, but no real plan of developing the businesses, or the tourism. Indeed according to David Harvey (1989 : 77), postmodernism urbanisation is characterised by a market-oriented urbanisation, but in El Raval, there seems to have been no such developments, which might help marginalize the population. There are some local businesses. El Raval has seen the creation of a lot of shops run by immigrants for their own communities, as Muslim butchers, or grocery stores offering products from the Caribbean. There are also shops offering international phone calls or Internet services. But rather than helping the social cohesion, this type of businesses is rather isolating each of the ethnic groups which are present in El Raval. The shops seem to be exclusive and not to be welcoming the other communities. They are a place where each community can gather with its fellow citizens, but there is no interaction between the different communities (Sargatal 2001). There are no businesses that might bring new capitals into the borough and attract more middle-class people. Camden’s case is in that respect totally different. First of all, even if these kind of shops run by immigrants exist, such as those run by Greek Cypriots or Indians, they do not sell exclusively products from their countries of origins. They are groceries, selling all sorts of first necessity products, and products from their home countries as well as from other countries represented in the area. But most importantly, the development of the borough in the last 30 years has been based on its market cultures. Indeed Camden is well known for its different markets. The first of its current markets was the Camden Lock Market, opened in 1973 (Withebead 1999: 137). It quickly attracted all sorts of artists and craftspeople, which would create their work during the week and sell them at weekends, renting one of the cheap stalls available at the market. The area started to be revived, attracted all kind of people, with different backgrounds, styles, religions, and origins. Not only di d the area started to attract capitals because of the business carried out in the markets, but the artistic and musical scene began to flourish. It became an entertaining place were people not only came to shop but to meet and enjoy walking around amongst the variety of original products offered on the market. This probably worked as a way to bring social cohesion, as spectacle and entertainment is a great means of social control (Harvey 1989 : 88). Indeed the streets of Camden are a spectacle, as well as being colourful they have been the sight for an original expression of creativity : a number of shops are adorned by giant fibre-glass figures in relation with the merchandise sold or the brand name: giant boots, chairs or fishes can be seen on the walls of shops (Withebead 1999:140). Camden has also attracted a lot of companies from the media sector, such as TV channels (Withebead 1999: 150) Indeed in Camden all sorts of people are brought together by the market. A lot of young professionals choose to live there, for different reasons, as its bohemian character, its centrality or the fact that it is still cheaper than other places. Tourists from all over the world are coming to visit the market. In Camden, the multicultural society does not mean only people coming from different countries but also people with different styles, different backgrounds. All styles can be found in Camden, from gothic and rock people to hippies. With this display of differences, the tolerance seems to become natural. As one of the locals puts it, â€Å"it is impossible not to be tolerant, because of all the nationalities, religions, sexualities and subcultures present†( Vestregaard Skot Poulsen and Dlugosch Sonne 2004: 8). Although appearing to be similar boroughs, with both a big proportion of immigrants, Camden and El Raval have in fact had a different recent history and have evolved differently, resulting in two colourful and multicultural but different boroughs. While El Raval is made up by big communities that seem to stay quite closed and not to mix with the rest of the population of the borough, Camden has enjoyed a more diversified immigration. The multicultural population of Camden is not composed by big communities, but rather by individuals coming from a lot of different backgrounds, immigrating in an already dynamic borough which has built its identity around its market. Bibliography Capel, I. â€Å"Inmigrantes extranjeros en Espaà ±a. El derecho a la movilidad y los conflictos de la adaptacià ³n : grandes expectivas y duras realidades†.Scripta Nova 81 (2001). Denford S. and F. P. Woodford (eds) (2003) Streets of Camden Town :  a survey of streets, buildings and former residents in a part of Camden. London : Camden History Society. Gonzà ¡lez Enriquez, C. â€Å"La convivencia con los inmigrantes en la provincia de Barcelona.† La Factorà ­a 18 (2002). Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Pererios. â€Å"Los inmigrantes censados ya suponen la mitad de la poblacià ³n del Raval†. El Paà ­s 13th June 2003. Sargatal, A.â€Å"Gentrificacà ­on e inmigracià ³n en los centros historicà ³s: el caso del Raval en Barcelona†. Scripta Nova 94 (2001). Vestregaard Skot Poulsen, L. and J. Dlugosch Sonne. â€Å"Authenticity and New Trends in Markets in Aarhus, Paris and London.† Kontur 4 (2004) : 3-13. Whitebead, J. (1999) The Growth of Camden Town AD 1800-2000, London : J. Whitehead. â€Å"2001 Census :   Key Statistics for London Borough of Camden† (2003), Office for National Statistics navigation/council-and-democracy/about-the-council/camden-statistics/census-2001/> http://www.metcareers.co.uk/default.asp?action=articleID=126 http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/20888/0/desempleo/europa/marzo2005/

Interrupts and interrupt applications

Interrupts and interrupt applications 8086 Interrupts And Interrupt Applications Introduction: Microprocessors are computers built on single IC. There can be more ICs also used for this. Most microprocessors allow normal program execution to be interrupted by some external signal or by a special instruction in the program. In response to an interrupt the microprocessor stops executing its current program and calls a procedure which sevices the interrupt. An IRET instruction at the end of the interrupt service procedure returns execution to the interrupted program. 8086 Interrupts And Interrupt Responses: An 8086 interrupt can come from any one of three sources. One source is an external signal applied to the non-maskable interrupt (NMI) input pin or to the interrupt input pin. An interrupt caused by a signal    applied to one of these inputs is referred to as a hardware interrupt. A second source of an interrupt is execution of the interrupt instruction. This is referred to as a software interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some error condition produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instruction. An example of this is the divide by zero interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 will automatically interrupt the currently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 checks to see if any interrupts have been requested. If an interrupt has been requested, the 8086 responds to the interrupt by stepping through the following series of major actions: 1) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the flag register on the stack. 2) It disables the 8086 INTR interrupt input by clearing the interrupt flag in the flag register. 3) It resets the trap flag in the flag register. 4) It decrements the stack pointer by 2 and pushes the current code segment register contents on the stack. 5) It decrements the stack pointer again by 2 and pushes the current instruction pointer contents on the stack. 8086 Interrupt Types: The preceding sections used the type 0 interrupts an example of how the 8086 interrupts function. It has hardware caused NMI interrupt, the software interrupts produced by the INT instruction, and the hardware interrupt produced by applying a signal to the INTR input pin. DIVIDE-BY-ZERO INTERRUPT-TYPE 0: The 8086 will automatically do a type 0 interrupt if the result of a DIV operation or an IDIV operation is too large to fit in the destination register. For   a type 0 interrupt, the 8086 pushes the flag register on the stack, resets IF and TF and pushes the return addresses on the stack. SINGLE STEP INTERRUPT-TYPE 1: The use of single step feature found in some monitor programs and debugger programs. When you tell a system to single step, it will execute one instruction and stop. If they are correct we can tell a system to single step, it will execute one instruction and stop. We can then examine the contents of registers and memory locations. In other words, when in single step mode a system will stop after it executes each instruction and wait for further direction from you. The 8086 trap flag and type 1 interrupt response make it quite easy to implement a single step feature direction. NONMASKABLE INTERRUPT-TYPE 2: The 8086 will automatically do a type 2 interrupt response when it receives a low to high transition on its NMI pin. When it does a type 2 interrupt, the 8086 will push the flags on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS value and the IP value for the next instruction on the stack. It will then get the CS value for the start of the type 2 interrupt service procedure from address 0000AH and the IP value for the start of the procedure from address 00008H. BREAKPOINT INTERRUPT-TYPE 3: The type 3 interrupt is produced by execution of the INT3 instruction. The main use of the type 3 interrupt is to implement a breakpoint function in a system. When we insert a breakpoint, the system executes the instructions up to the breakpoint and then goes to the breakpoint procedure. Unlike the single step which stops execution after each instruction, the breakpoint feature executes all the instructions up to the inserted breakpoint and then stops execution. OVERFLOW INTERRUPT-TYPE4: The 8086 overflow flag will be set if the signed result of an arithmetic operation on two signed numbers is too large to be represented in the destination register or memory location. For example, if you add the 8 bit signed number 01101100 and the 8 bit signed number 010111101, the result will be 10111101. This would be the correct result if we were adding unsigned binary numbers, but it is not the correct signed result. SOFTWARE INTERRUPTS-TYPE O THROUGH 255: The 8086 INT instruction can be used to cause the 8086 to do any one of the 256 possible interrupt types. The desired interrupt type is specified as part of the instruction. The instruction INT32, for example will cause the 8086 to do a type 32 interrupt response. The 8086 will push the flag register on the stack, reset TF and IF, and push the CS and IP values of the next instruction on the stack. INTR INTERRUPTS-TYPES 0 THROUGH 255: The 8086 INTR input allows some external signal to interrupt execution of a program. Unlike the NMI input, however, INTR can be masked so that it cannot cause an interrupt. If the interrupt flag is cleared, then the INTR input is disabled. IF can be cleared at any time with CLEAR instruction. PRIORITY OF 8086 INTERRUPTS: If two or more interrupts occur at the same time   then the highest priority interrupt will be serviced first, and then the next highest priority interrupt will be serviced. As a example suppose that the INTR input is enabled, the 8086 receives an INTR signal during the execution of a divide instruction, and the divide operation produces a divide by zero interrupt. Since the internal interrupts-such as divide error, INT, and INTO have higher priority than INTR the 8086 will do a divide error interrupt response first. Hardware Interrupt Applications: Simple Interrupt Data Input: One of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a CPU of the burden of polling. To refresh your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or data ready signal from some external device is connected to an input port line on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program loop to read and test this port line over and over until the data ready signal is found to be asserted. The microcomputer then exits the polling loop and reads in the data from the external device. The disadvantage of polled input or output is that while the microcomputer is polling the strobe or data ready signal, it cannot easily be doing other tasks. I n this case the data ready or strobe signal is connected to an interrupt input on the microcomputer. The microcomputer then goes about doing its other tasks until it is interrupted by a data ready signal from the external device. An interrupt service procedure can read in or send out the desired data in a few microseconds and return execution to the int errupted program. The input and output operation then uses only a small percentage of the microprocessors time. Counting Applications: As a simple example of the use of an interrupt input for counting , suppose that we are using an 8086 to control a printed circuit board making machine in our computerized electronics factory. Further suppose that we want to detect each finished board as it comes out of the machine and to keep a count with the number of boards fed in. This way we can determine if any boards were lost in the machine. To do this count on an interrupt basis, all we have to do is to detect when a board passes out of the machine and send an interrupt signal to an interrupt input on the 8086. The interrupt service procedure for that input can simply increment the board count stored in a named memory location. To detect a board coming out of the machine, we use an infrared LED, a photoresistor and two conditioning gates. The LED is positioned over the track where the boards come out, and the photoresistor is positioned below the track. When no board is between the LED and the photoresistor, the light from t he LED will strike the photoresistor and turn it on. The collector of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086. When a board passes between the LED and photoresistor, the light will not reach the photoresistor and turn it on. The collector of the photoresistor will then be low, as will the NMI input on the 8086. Timing Applications: In this it is shown that how delay loop could be used to set the time between microcomputer operations. In   the example there, we used a delay loop to take in data samples at 1 ms intervals. The obvious disadvantage of a delay loop is that while the microcomputer is stuck in the delay loop, it cannot easily be doing other useful work. In many cases a delay loop would be a waste of the microcomputers valuable time, so we use an interrupt approach. Suppose for example, that in our 8086 controlled printed circuit board making machine we need to check the ph of a solution approximately every 4 min. If we used a delay loop to count off the 4 min, either the 8086 wouldnt be able to do much else or what points in the program to go check the ph. 8254 Software-Programmable Timer/Counter: Because of many tasks that they can be used for in microcomputer systems, programmable timer/counters are very important for you to learn about. As you read through following sections, pay particular attention to the applications of this device in systems and the general procedures for initializing a programmable device such as 8254. Basic 8253 And 8254 Operation: The intel 8253 and 8254 each contain three 16 bit counters which can be programmed to operate in several different modes. The major differences are as follows: 1) The maximum input clock frequency for the 8253 is 2.6 MHz, the maximum clock frequency for the 8254 is 8MHz. 2) The 8254 has a read back feature which allows you to latch the count in all the counters and the status of the counter at any point. The 8253 does not have this read back feature. The big advantage of these counters, however, is that you can load a count in them, start them and stop them with instructions in your program. Such a device is said to be software programmable. 8259a Priority Interrupt Controller: In a small system, for example, we might read ASCII characters in from a keyboard on an interrupt basis; count interrupts from timer to produce a real time clock of second, minutes and hours and detect several emergency or job done conditions on an interrupt basis. Each of these interrupt applications requires a separate interrupt input. If we are working with an 8086 , we have problem here because the 8086 has only two interrupt inputs, NMI and INTR. If we save NMI for a power failure interrupt, this leaves only one input for all the other applications. For applications where we have interrupts from multiple sources, we use an external device called a priority interrupt controller. Software Interrupt Applications: The software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt procedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64. Another important use of software interrupts is to call Basic Input Output System, or BIOS, procedures in an IBM PC-type computer. These procedures in the system ROMS perform specific input or output functions, such as reading a character from the keyboard, writing some characters to the CRT, or reading some information from a disk. To call one of these procedures, you load any required parameters in some specified registers and execute an INT N instruction. N in this case is the interrupt type which vectors to the desired procedure. Suppose that, as part of an assembly language program that you are writing to run on an IBM PC type computer, you want to send some characters to the printer. The header for the INT 17H procedure from the IBM PC BIOS listing. The DX, AH, and AL registers are used to pass the required parameters to the procedure. The procedure is used for two different operations: initializing the printer port and sending a character to the printer. The operation performe d by the procedure is determined by the number passed to the procedure in the AH register. AH=1 means initialize the printer port, AH=0 means print the characters in AL, and AH=2 means read the printer status and returned in AH. If an attempt to print a character was not successful for some reason, such as the printer not being turned on, not being selected, or being busy, 01 is returned in AH. The main advantage of calling procedures with software interrupts is that you dont need to worry about the absolute address where the procedure actually resides or about trying to link the procedure into your program. So at last every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 interrupts and applications. Conclusion: Microprocessors are computers built on single IC. There can be more ICs also used for this. Most microprocessors allow normal program execution to be interrupted by some external signal or by a special instruction in the program. In response to an interrupt the microprocessor stops executing its current program and calls a procedure which sevices the interrupt. An IRET instruction at the end of the interrupt service procedure returns execution to the interrupted program. An 8086 interrupt can come from any one of three sources. One source is an external signal applied to the non-maskable interrupt (NMI) input pin or to the interrupt input pin. An interrupt caused by a signal  Ã‚   applied to one of these inputs is referred to as a hardware interrupt. A second source of an interrupt is execution of the interrupt instruction. This is referred to as a   software interrupt. The third source of an interrupt is some error condition produced in the 8086 by the execution of an instructio n. An example of this is the divide by zero interrupt. If you attempt to divide an operand by zero, the 8086 will automatically interrupt the currently executing program. At the end of each instruction cycle, the 8086 checks to see if any interrupts have been requested. One of the most common uses of interrupts is to relieve a CPU of the burden of polling. To refresh your memory polling works as follows. The strobe or data ready signal from some external device is connected to an input port line on the microcomputer. The microcomputer uses a program loop to read and test this port line over and over until the data ready signal is found to be asserted. The software interrupt instruction INT N can be used to test any type of interrupt procedure. For example to test a type 64 interrupt procedure without the need for external hardware, we can execute the instruction INT 64. So at last we conclude that every microcomputer system uses a variety of interrupts and this is all about 8086 int errupts and applications. References: 1) DOUGLAS V.HALL, â€Å"microprocessors and interfacing† TaMcGRaw-Hill edition 2) www.wikipedia.com 3) www.google.com

D-day :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pg. 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1942 General Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, had warned Germany to, â€Å"Beware the fury of an aroused democracy.† On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies mounted the largest amphibious assault in history and redeemed Eisenhower’s warning. The invasion force consisted of more than 5,000 ships, 1,200 warships and 13,000 airplanes. Some 90,000 U.S., British, Canadian, and free French troops landed on the beaches of Normandy while about 20,000 more came by parachute or glider. The Invasion had been in preparation for a year. Over 55,000 brave American soldiers stormed the beaches of Normandy, an appalling 2,700 Americans had took their last steps of life defending their country, their world, and everything they stood for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D-Day, planned by the Russians, Americans, and British insisted that the United States help with the advancement on France (Atlantic front). British and Canadian forces would also combine in the cross-channel invasion. Simultaneously in Eastern Europe (eastern front) the Soviets would battle while the Americans, the British, and the Canadian forces would attack a stretch of beaches along the French coast. The U.S. would attack a part of Normandy code named Omaha and Utah beaches. These were two code names for these particular sectors of the invasion front.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buildup   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around a year before D-Day, Hitler had gained and occupied Western Europe and parts of Russia during it’s blitzkrieg crusade throughout 1939-41. Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader of Germany, had also acquired control of the North African coast. Without intervention from the Western Allies, Hitler would reign Europe for years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subsequently while Russians were engaged in the war, Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader, had wanted the Allies to join and proceed to make a â€Å"second front† along Western Europe. In 1942 this idea was virtually impossible for the United States because we were still forming an army. The materials needed to have such an invasion were not yet built to cross the English Channel. Meanwhile in the1940’s campaign, when the British were battling in Dunkirk, France, the British had to withdraw forces from being massacred by Hitler’s army. During this confrontation Hitler had declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941 just after Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese military forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roosevelt first stated that â€Å"Germany is priority first.† This was agreed in Argentia, Newfoundland in August of 1941. Eisenhower, U.S. general, proposed an attack in 1943 named (Operation â€Å"Roundup†) and another called (Operation â€Å"Sledgehammer†), these would be used in the event of the Soviets collapsing or the weakening of Germany. Both plans were presented in London, England and Roundup

Health Care Reform Essay -- Medical Medicine Essays

Health Care Reform INTRODUCTION Several years ago, health care reform was a hot political topic with President Bill Clinton's proposals to revolutionize medical health insurance. Even though his proposals didn't become law, sweeping changes are occurring within the health care system, particularly in regards to managed care health insurance and the reengineering of the hospital. The goals of these changes are to cut medical costs, make the delivery of health care more efficient, and to promote preventive medicine, health, and primary care. While these changes are positive in many ways, they are also creating concerns among both the health care consumer and provider. These changes must be managed to insure that high quality care remains at the forefront of medical care. MANAGED CARE HEALTH INSURANCE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Managed care plans are the fastest growing form of health insurance (Whigham-Desir, 1996). Sarah Glazer (1996) describes the concept of managed care: "The underlying principle of managed care is to keep the entire community healthy by providing preventive care, such as immunizations and mammograms, at little or no cost. In exchange for lower premiums, copayments and deductibles, the consumer agrees to see a limited group of physicians selected by the plan. The plan keeps costs down by limiting the consumer's access to expensive specialists and procedures." Since three-fourths of Americans receive health insurance through their employer, managed care plans are becoming increasingly popular as both employer and employee seek to decrease medical care costs (Whigham-Desir, 1996). Managed care has been around since the 1930s when HMOs were formed to promote preventive medicine among doctors (Sprag... ...s its moral power." Health care is one of the most important aspects of society, and with the change taking place, it is paramount that it is a managed change which will benefit everyone. Works Cited: Bennett Clark, Jane (1996, July). What you should ask your HMO. Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine. pp. 92-93. Glazer, Sarah (1996, April 12). Managed Care. CQ Researcher, 6, 313-336. Koop, C. Everett (1996, Fall). Manage with care. Time. pp. 69. Larson, Erik (1996, January 22). The soul of an HMO. Time. pp. 44-52. Shortell, Stephen M.; Gillies; Robin R.; & Devers, Kelly J. (1995, Summer). Reinventing the American hospital. The Milbank Quarterly. pp. 131-160. Spragins, Ellyn (1996, June 24). Does your HMO stack up? Newsweek. pp. 56-60. Whigham-Desir, Marjorie (1996, February). What to know about choosing an HMO. Black Enterprise. pp. 160-165.

How to Brief a Case Using the “IRAC” Method

Located in an upscale neighborhood, then perhaps it could argue that its failure to provide security patrols is reasonable. If the business is located in a crime-ridden area, When briefing a case, your goal is to reduce the information from the case into a format that will provide you with a helpful reference in class and for review.Most importantly, by â€Å"briefing† a case, you will grasp the problem the court faced (the issue); the relevant law the court used to solve it (the rule); how the court applied the rule to the facts (the application or â€Å"analysis†); and the outcome (the conclusion). You will then be ready to not only discuss the case, but to compare and contrast it to other cases involving a similar issue.Before attempting to â€Å"brief† a case, read the case at least once. Follow the â€Å"IRAC† method in briefing cases: Facts*Write a brief summary of the facts as the court found them to be. Eliminate facts that are not relevant to the court’s analysis. For example, a business’s street address is probably not relevant to the court’s decision of the issue of whether the business that sold a defective product is liable for the resulting injuries to the plaintiff. However, suppose a customer who was assaulted as she left its store is suing the business.The customer claims that her injuries were the reasonably foreseeable result of the business’s failure to provide security patrols. If the business is then perhaps the customer is right. Instead of including the street address in the case brief, you may want to simply describe the type of neighborhood in which it is located. (Note: the time of day would be another relevant factor in this case, among others).Procedural History*What court authored the opinion: The United States Supreme Court? The California Court of Appeal? The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals? (Hint: Check under the title of the case: The Court and year of the decision will be given). If a trial court issued the decision, is it based on a trial, or motion for summary judgment, etc.? If an appellate court issued the decision, how did the lower courts decide the case?IssueWhat is the question presented to the court? Usually, only one issue will be discussed, but sometimes there will be more. What are the parties fighting about, and what are they asking the court to decide? For example, in the case of the assaulted customer, the issue for a trial court to decide might be whether the business had a duty to the customer to provide security patrols.The answer to the question will help to ultimately determine * This applies to case briefs only, and not exams. Use the IRAC method in answering exams: Issue/Rule/Analysis/Conclusion. whether the business is liable for negligently failing to provide security patrols: whether the defendant owed plaintiff a duty of care, and what that duty of care is, are key issues in negligence claims.Rule(s):Determine what the relev ant rules of law are that the court uses to make its decision. These rules will be identified and discussed by the court. For example, in the case of the assaulted customer, the relevant rule of law is that a property owner’s duty to prevent harm to invitees is determined by balancing the foreseeability of the harm against the burden of preventive measures.There may be more than one relevant rule of law to a case: for example, in a negligence case in which the defendant argues that the plaintiff assumed the risk of harm, the relevant rules of law could be the elements of negligence, and the definition of â€Å"assumption of risk† as a defense. Don’t just simply list the cause of action, such as â€Å"negligence† as a rule of law: What rule must the court apply to the facts to determine the outcome?Application/Analysis:This may be the most important portion of the brief. The court will have examined the facts in light of the rule, and probably considered a ll â€Å"sides† and arguments presented to it. How courts apply the rule to the facts and analyze the case must be understood in order to properly predict outcomes in future cases involving the same issue. What does the court consider to be a relevant fact given the rule of law?How does the court interpret the rule: for example, does the court consider monetary costs of providing security patrols in weighing the burden of preventive measures? Does the court imply that if a business is in a dangerous area, then it should be willing to bear a higher cost for security? Resist the temptation to merely repeat what the court said in analyzing the facts: what does it mean to you? Summarize the court’s rationale in your own words. If you encounter a word that you do not know, use a dictionary to find its meaning.ConclusionWhat was the final outcome of the case? In one or two sentences, state the court’s ultimate finding. For example, the business did not owe the assault ed customer a duty to provide security patrols.

Peak Oil

During my research on peak oil and energy resources, climate change, and the capacity of the Earth to support human life, I found that there was much information available on the issues (i. e. , the relevant science, data, and facts were already available), but that much of it was not synthesized to make a comprehensive and complete picture (i. e. , complete with accurate data and comprehensive analyses). So, some of the people who may be aware of peak oil (or climate change) may not fully understand the consequences. And, while some people may be concerned about peak oil, they may be unaware of the extent of the climate change crisis†¦And vice versa. For instance, many policymakers and negotiators are arguing with little progress over the wrong climate targets (i. e. , an average global temperature increase of 2 o C above pre-Industrial Revolution levels by limiting the atmospheric CO 2 concentration to 450 ppm), while assuming that anything resembling business as usual energy consumption and economic growth is possible. Yet, the scientific evidence and projections clearly indicate that all of these targets and assumptions are very incorrect and woefully inadequate.As another example, much of the peak oil literature does not offer the reader a comprehensive explanation of peak oil and its potential impacts on society. The information is very good, but much of it focuses on one or only several issues, which may leave many readers unfamiliar with peak energy issues with more questions than answers about the issue, its consequences, or how to adapt to it. Similarly, much climate literature does not consider energy scarcity or population limits in their analyses. It became obvious to me that writing this report was one of the most important acts I could do for the public, right now.All discourse and policy on these issues must be based on the current and correct data and science, if it is to have a chance to succeed. This report is an attempt to synthesize an d holistically analyze the current state of knowledge on these important and inter-related issues. Despite the inherent uncertainties stemming from the data, science, and predictive power of models, the overall analysis provides a clear picture of the orders of magnitude and probability distributions of current and future global changes.Ultimately, this report is for the public for the benefit of humanity. It is a warning and a call to action. Since peak oil and climate change are occurring now without much of the public's awareness, this report may also act as a sort of history so that people in the future may be able to understand what happened to the world regarding peak energy, climate change and economic and societal collapse, after the fact. Future generations should know what happened during this period of history in order to learn from the past mistakes of humanity.Hopefully, this report may contribute to a smoother and less disastrous post-peak oil transition period by warn ing people of the impending crises. When I set out to investigate peak oil and energy resources, it was with the intention to either: disprove peak oil theory and/or the predicted timings of when peak oil and energy resources would occur; or to communicate what is peak oil and the potential crisis, if I could not disprove peak oil and its urgency. The deeper I investigated peak oil and energy resource issues, the more it became clear that peak oil was a very severe and imminent crisi

Analysis Of Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman Essay

This American drama was first premiered in 1949. It was an instant success and it also won Arthur Miller a place among one of the best American playwrights of the 20th century. It was a satirical attack on the Great American Dream of prosperity and material wealth and had also challenged the ideals of the past 160 years that constituted such dreams. This exemplary play by Arthur Miller is a modern masterpiece, in which the inherent conditions of human existence and a fierce battle to fight through it, is lived by the protagonist Willy Loman, that finally ends in a tragedy called, death. Willy Loman is a disillusioned sixty three year old man who has trouble distinguishing between past and present, and reality and illusions. His illusory beliefs draw an iron curtain before his sensibilities and he refuses to see the reality of his abject conditions. His tragedy lies in the fierce determination to fight an impossible battle and to seek facile solutions to his severe economic problems. In his relentless pursuit of an unrealistic dream Willy Loman submerges himself in a complete disengagement from reality that brings an end even more tragic than his life. Being an irrepressible old man he never really evaluates or understands the false and incomplete values of a venal American society. He fails to understand the vacuous idea behind the ‘Great American Dream’ and his limitless hope. A similar theme had been portrayed in ‘The Great Gatsby’ (Fitzgerald) where Gatsby was corrupted by money and dishonesty, and the Great American Dream of happiness and individualism disintegrates into mere pursuit of wealth. Although Gatsby had the power to turn his dream into reality, the character of Nick discovers that both Gatsby’s dream and the American dream is over. In the same way, Will’s persistent struggle against the forces of entropy in his life leads him to neurosis, and finally suicide. Theater is an imagined world, inhabited by imaginary characters, but tragedy strikes one and all, and the nature of tragedy is to hit our deepest consciousness and invade our sensibilities with its prolonged stay. Robert A Martin says in his essay, â€Å"The Nature of Tragedy†: â€Å"What the performance of a play gives an audience is less a set of ideas, propositions or abstraction about life and how to live it than what Arthur Miller has called ‘ a felt experience’, the imaginative sharing and participation in the lives and actions of imaginary characters. † In support of what Robert A Martin says, Willy Loman’s character pulls the audience along with its chain of tragedies and leaves one with a feeling of acute distress, but more than â€Å"a felt experience† it also gives one an insight into the inherent realities of human tragedies. In â€Å"Death of a salesman† the audience watch the tragic collapse of a single individual and the tragedy of the entire family, right before their eyes. The audience leave the auditorium with a whole new set of lessons in life and as Martin says â€Å"how to live it. † In his article Robert A Martin also elaborates on the vicarious influences of a tragedy, on the person, who watching it with a detached sense of belongingness. He says, â€Å" Theatre is the art of the possible† and as we read the play we believe that Willy Loman’s tragedies are not unbelievable or fictitious although his character was an imagination of the playwright Arthur Miller. As Aristotle said that Tragedy is something that evokes the emotions of pity and fear in the presence of an action of a certain magnitude. Willy Loman also falls into the trap of tragedy and as the nature of tragedy is, it brings about a fear in him. Willy tries to run away from that fear and refuses to accept his misfortunes and his failures. It mostly happens with dramatic experiences that our thoughts and emotions often correspond with those of the characters we watch in a play –we weep, smile and get moved by their performances. It continues to stimulate and engage us directly in our social, moral and political questions. The audience too goes through an inveterate interchange of pity and fear inside his mind as he watches a human being go through a painful hell, which is in Miller’s view due to his own obduracy. â€Å"Death of a salesman† is not just a tale of tragedy that happens to a broken, exhausted man, but is also a caustic attack on the American Dream of achieving wealth and success with no regards to principals and values of life. Willy Loman became a household name after the play was released and became a profound example of a tragic life, bowed down by struggles to cope up with a capitalistic society. Willy Loman’s tragedy does not lie just in his miserable economic condition, but also in his misplaced sense of pride. In the play he takes loans from his neighbor Charley to make both ends meet, but refuses to accept the offer of a better job from him. His warped sense of pride comes in the way of his chances to improve his conditions. His refusal to accept reality is a tragedy bigger than his dismal life, and it exasperates his son Biff with whom he had a troubled relationship. Willy refused to accept that his sons are also ‘failures’ such as him, and in order to make their lives better he falls into a trap of further hopelessness. A man’s descent to failure is horrendous to contemplate. Whatever line of work you are in, we are all salesmen, selling our products, our services, our selves†. Says Will’s meighbor Charley , in a line that crystallizes the anxiety of uncountable men everywhere, not just in America: â€Å" And when they start not smiling back. † –employers, partners, customers- â€Å" That’s an earthqauke. † ( Kilnghoffer, Undying Salesman, 1999). Willy Loman suffered from a feverish and unrealistic hopefulness and guilt of having failed his sons, and also the refusal to accept certain facts of life. The neurosis that set in him affected his life, and also him led to suicide. His death was perhaps a bigger tragedy than his life because it proved to be the final blow to the grief stricken family. Due to his persistent stubbornness he believed the notion that one is often â€Å"worth more dead than alive† (Miller, Pg76) and commits suicide, so that his family gets the insurance money and his sons lead a better life with that money, than he did when he was alive. Willy did not realize that insurance money is invalidated when a person commits suicide. As Biff says at the graveyard, â€Å" He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong. † In this play tragedy is on two fronts. One is ‘literal’, when Willy dies after an unrelenting wrestle with his fate, and another is a ‘symbolical’ death, that was the death of the American Dream, or ridding of a false notion of perfection. Willy’s guilt, his idolization of his sons and his constantly haunting memory of his brother turns his life into a pitiful tragedy and he lives through it all with an immature sense of unreality. In trying to project himself as an ideal father and salesman he plunges himself into an illusory world where he never really grew up. â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have- to come out number –one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him. † (Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act2) The misfortune of Willy was that he tried to retrieve his lost dignity and his family’s love and also a magnified image of himself as an ideal salesman and father, on the last day of his life, and loses all. His complete disengagement from reality is what the tragedy is all about. It evokes the pity and fear that Aristotle spoke about in ‘Poetics’ (330 BC). The character of Willy Loman is befitting the concepts of Aristotle’s’ Tragedy. â€Å"True to life† (realistic), â€Å"consistency† (true to themselves): meaning, once a character’s motivation and personality are established these should continue throughout the play. â€Å"Necessary or probable†: meaning, characters must be logically constructed according to the law of ‘probability or necessity’ that govern the actions of the play. Finally, â€Å"true to life† and yet more beautiful (idealized, ennobled). Death of a Salesman has that true to life aspect, depicting the fact that any middle class man with limited means, would get into the delusionary world of dreams and aspirations of more wealth and the terrifying darkness that lies coiled beneath such unrealism. Consistency of the portrayal is apparent in Loman’s relentless pursuit of an elusive life. The necessary probability is the fact that such a dogged belief in illusionary world nearly always creates a graph of downward slide in a person’s life. True to life, is the condition of tension that is life and human existence. Death of a Salesman is a modern masterpiece that celebrates, as Chris Bigsby expressively states, â€Å" the miracle of human life, in all its bewilderments, its betrayals, its denials, but finally and most significantly, its transcendent worth. † (Poet, 723).

In What Ways do Gender Relations Affect Work Organization and Management? Essay

With the influx of women into the workforce during the last 20 years, there has been increased attention to comparisons between men and women on a number of work-related attributes and behaviors. With this increased attention, there has also been some confusion about whether women and men differ to a significant degree, how much they differ, and whether these differences truly are meaningful regarding behavior at work. The principal goal of this work is to consider gender issues that affect work organisation and management. The discussion of gender and work which is included in this paper is selective in focusing mainly on recent research, in which the topic has been considered explicitly. The cases considered provide useful examples of the role of gender in work. The discussion uses definition of gender as ‘a system of culturally constructed identities, expressed in ideologies of masculinity and femininity, interacting with socially structured relationships in divisions of labour and leisure, sexuality and power between women and men’ (Nicolson, 1996. p. 54). Although women and men have always engaged in purposeful activity, the set of activities that many people consider work or employment is not always clear. Historically, men and women worked side by side together in the fields. Today, however, a distinction is made between paid, public work external to the family and unpaid, private work in the home. Each of these spheres of work has come to be sex-typed, with paid work being viewed by many as the domain of males and unpaid work in the home the domain of females. These perceptions are changing but are still deep-seated in many respects (Nicolson, 1996). Stereotyping involves generalizing beliefs about groups as a whole to members of those groups. For example, if you believe that older people are more likely to resist change than younger people, you may infer that an older person you have just met is likely to be rigid and to have a hard time adapting to changes. Through stereotyping, we can categorize people into groups on numerous demographic bases, including gender, race, age, religion, social class, and so forth, and our perceptions of specific individuals will be influenced by what we know or think we know about the group as a whole. Gender stereotypes are socially shared beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of men and women in general that influence our perceptions of individual men and women (Nicolson, 1996). The stereotype literature suggests that our general beliefs about groups of people can affect our assessments of individual group members (Biernat, 1991). Stereotypes can contribute to shared misperceptions of coworkers, job candidates, performance, and credentials (Haworth 90). Stereotypes not only affect the decisions we make about men and women but also affect self-perceptions, decisions, and choices made by those men and women. Furthermore, gender stereotypes can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, in the sense that both men and women may feel pressure to behave in ways that correspond to gender stereotypes. Thus, stereotypes can affect both how men and women behave in the workplace and how their behavior is perceived. In recent years, the influx of women into the workforce in general, and into nontraditional occupations in particular, has led to increased attention in the popular media. One result of the recent profusion of books, magazine articles, and newspaper stories dealing with these topics is an increasing level of confusion about whether there are, in fact, sex or gender differences between women and men; or if there are such differences, in what ways (i.e., personality, skills, leadership, intelligence, etc.) men and women differ, how much they differ, and whether the differences really mean anything (Nicolson, 1996). Given our social expectations of men and women based on gender stereotypes, it is not surprising to observe some differences between men and women in numerous domains at work. For example, men and women differ in their expectations for success on specific tasks, and these expectations are related to achievement motivation on the task. This finding has been interpreted as meaning that women have lower expectations for success than men, and that is why they do not attempt new tasks or perform as well as men on subsequent tasks. However, an equally plausible explanation is that women face more barriers than men on the job, especially sex discrimination, and are less likely to be successful due in part to biased evaluations. Furthermore, women may take this into account when forming their expectations about occupations that do not require lengthy training programs or extensive time commitment. That is, success expectations for a woman may include an implicit assessment of the sexism within her current environment as well as an assessment of her ability to perform a given task (Haworth, 2004). There is evidence (from studies conducted in the 1970s and again in the 1990s) suggesting a small but consistent impact of gender stereotypes on work-related decisions and on men’s and women’s self-perceptions of their behavior, performance, and worth (including expectations for pay).However, the observed differences must be interpreted with much caution. One conclusion drawn from these differences is that women are deficient in some ways compared to men. It is easy to attribute the cause of such differences to internal, skill, personality, or biological explanations. The reliance on internal or person-based explanations inhibit and often precludes the search for equally compelling external, situation-based explanations for gender differences. Most behaviors that reflect gender differences are learned behaviors, and by labeling them as masculine and feminine, scientists may reinforce the association of that behavior with gender (Haworth, 2004). The positive expectations associated with physical attractiveness generalize beyond interpersonal relationships such as dating and marriage into the work setting. Perceptions of attractiveness have a moderate effect on perceptions of the person’s intellectual competence. The link between attractiveness and perceptions of intelligence appears to be similar for both men and women. However, attractiveness appears to have a stronger effect for women than for men on perceptions of job performance (Lewis & Bierlys, 1990). Applicants and employees with higher physical attractiveness are expected to do better work. Once completed, their work is evaluated more positively than identical work by less attractive individuals. In one study, highly attractive authors were evaluated as having better ideas, demonstrating better style, being more creative, and generally producing higher quality work. In the interviewing setting, if an interviewer believes that physical attractiveness is an important job attribute, then being attractive is an advantage. There is extensive research evidence that attractiveness positively influences entry-level employment decisions. Other research has shown few significant effects. Although there is some evidence to the contrary, physical attractiveness appears to interact with the sex-type of the job to influence work evaluations (Crompton, 1996. p. 8). Physical attractiveness is a positive feature for women when applying to lower level positions (e.g., clerical) but not for higher level positions (e.g., management), whereas physical attractiveness is advantageous for men in a wider range of positions. These advantages and disadvantages are similar for such work decisions as evaluations of applicant qualifications, hiring recommendations, starting salary, and rankings of hiring preferences (Nicolson, 1996. p. 68). At work, physical attractiveness is usually an advantage for women and men, but for women, there are limits to these positive consequences. Attractiveness is most beneficial for women working in traditional feminine areas or just entering an organization. However, when women enter more traditionally masculine work, physical attractiveness can be a liability (Biernat & Wortman, 1991. p. 4). One interpretation of these findings is that because women who are physically attractive are also perceived as more feminine (Aaltio, 2002, p. 55), the negative female stereotype of being less intelligent or competent may be activated or salient. Especially in masculine occupations where competence is of great perceived importance, attractive women may face discrimination. Workplace romance can influence organizational effectiveness in a number of ways, including the breakdown of the legitimacy of organizational promotions and structure, excessive transfers, and more terminations (Pierce et al., 1996). Especially when a romantic relationship involves a supervisor and a subordinate, it is likely to result in perceptions of favoritism and inequity concerning promotions among coworkers. When coworkers perceive such favoritism they can become both alienated from the work group (Pugh, 1997) and envious which can result in an imbalance of power within the organization (Grint, 2005). Furthermore, when the power structure within an organization breaks down, channels for advancement become closed off and promotion and raise decisions become distorted and unpredictable. When one investigates the basis for promotions and who is promoted, it is important to examine the values, informal guidelines, and norms surrounding such decisions. Therefore, the relationship between workplace romance and promotion decisions may depend, in part, on the culture of the organization. Should employees participating in a workplace romance be transferred or relocated? Managers appear to perceive job relocation as a reasonable intervention to workplace romance (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996. p.7) especially when employees engage in such behavior against formal organizational policy. Furthermore, employees might expect such transfers as a consequence. Some experts (Andrews & Knoke, 1999) suggest that management should offer relocation as one option for couples to consider. However, female participants are more frequently relocated than males, and fewer of these women occupy top-level management or higher status positions. Therefore, organizational relocation decisions in situations of workplace romance may be discriminatory based on the employees’ gender or organizational positions. The decision to terminate or dismiss an employee because of his or her involvement in a workplace romance may also be viewed as a detrimental managerial action, one representing a punitive form of organizational intervention. Yet employees are often dismissed for participating in a workplace romance. Furthermore, a female participant is more likely to be terminated than a male participant, the participant who is lower in status or less â€Å"valuable† to the organization is more often terminated, and extramarital affairs are more likely to result in employee termination as compared to other types of affairs. However, there is a need to identify managerial prejudices and inequitable decisions based on gender, so that if terminations are made within the context of workplace romance, an employee is terminated based on poor performance rather than gender or organizational status (Haworth, 2004). Our personal physical attractiveness plays a tremendous role in our interactions with others in our work lives. There is evidence that attractiveness influences what people expect from us, how people respond to us, and what decisions we make are made about us. Yet many organizational texts do not address this topic. We believe that physical attractiveness is a pivotal factor in the development of relationships, friendships, and romances in the workplace. Furthermore, these relationships greatly shape men’s and women’s experiences of work (Haworth, 2004). The physical attractiveness stereotype is generally, â€Å"What is beautiful is good.† This view appears to hold for younger and older persons and for men and women. Yet the stereotype is subtle, and often we deny its influence on our behavior. Attractiveness appears to influence the expectations we have about each other including intelligence, interpersonal skills, honesty, and guilt or innocence of a crime. Furthermore, attractiveness appears to influence a number of work-related decisions including hiring decisions, work evaluations, interview ratings, and salaries (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996). Physical attractiveness is a key factor in interpersonal attraction and liking as well as in the development of romantic relationships at work. Although such factors as propinquity, familiarity, attitude similarity, and reciprocity of liking are important, an attractive individual is more likely to engage in interpersonal relationships than a less attractive individual. Furthermore, interpersonal attraction is one antecedent of sexually intimate relationships including romantic relationships at work. Workplace romances appear to be increasing among American workers. The rise seems to be associated with greater acceptance of office dating, especially among coworkers (less so between a manager and subordinate), and organizational cultures that convey more liberal attitudes about the appropriateness of such behavior. There are numerous outcomes or consequences of workplace romances, and such outcomes may depend, in part, on the type of romance occurring: true love, the fling, or a utilitarian relationship. More negative coworker and organizational reactions occur with utilitarian relationships, followed by flings and true love. Although workplace romances can promote perceptions of inequity among coworkers and increased legal liability for the organization, these reactions are usually is associated with manager-subordinate romances and perceptions of sexual harassment (Pierce, Byrne & Aguinis, 1996). The central argument of this paper is that gender relations are constitutive of the structure and practices of organizations and that this is key to understanding how men define and dominate organizations. These gendered processes operate on many levels, from the explicit and institutional to the more subtle, cultural forms that are submerged in organizational decisions, even those that appear to have nothing to do with gender (Crompton, 1996. p. 60). They include the way men’s influence is embedded in rules and procedures, formal job definitions and functional roles. For example, the structure of a management career, based on men’s experiences, needs and life-cycle patterns, assumes a history of continuous, full-time employment. Or the way in which gender is mapped onto organizational authority resulting in a sexual division of labor whereby it is prescribed that women are better suited to personnel management than other management functions. References Aaltio, Iiris. (2002). Gender, Identity and the Culture of Organizations. Routledge: London. Andrews, S.B. & Knoke, D. (eds) (1999). Networks in and around Organizations, Stamford, Conn.: JAI Press. Biernat M., & Wortman C. B. (1991). â€Å"Sharing of home responsibilities between professionally employed women and their husbands.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61. Crompton, Rosemary. (1996). Changing Forms of Employment: Organisations, Skills, and Gender. Routledge: New York. Grint, K. (2005). The Sociology of Work, 3rd edn, Cambridge: Polity Press. Haworth, John T. (2004). Work and Leisure. Routledge: New York. Lewis K. E., & Bierly M. (1990). â€Å"Toward a profile of the female voter: Sex differences in perceived physical attractiveness and competence of political candidates†. Sex Roles, 22. Nicolson, Paula. (1996). Gender, Power, and Organization: A Psychological Perspective. Routledge: New York. Pierce C. A., Byrne D., & Aguinis H. (1996). â€Å"Attraction in organizations: A model of workplace romance†. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17. Pugh, D.S. (1997). Organization Theory: Selected Readings, 4 edn, thLondon: Penguin.