Irving Kristols Pornograpy, Obscenity, and hte Case for Censorship Ess

Irving Kristols Pornograpy, Obscenity, and hte Case for CensorshipAfter reading Irving Kristols essay called Pornography, Obscenity, and the Case for Censorship, we found positive and prejudicial examples concluding his research. Kristol makes major(ip) claims throughout the course of his essay. A few examples of these major claims are in paragraphs 7-9 when he uses a story about an old small-arm in a hospital ward, dying an agonizing death. The old man loses control of his bowels, and they empty themselves on him. Kristol states that this is a private moment that should be kept private. Kristol asks the reader to think about this sad scenario and what it would be desire to see this on television. Kristol relates the claim to sex, saying that it is a private moment and shouldnt be viewed by the public. He says viewers wouldnt want to watch the old man losing his bodily fluids on himself because its a personal matter and it sightly needs to stay private and unseen by the pu blic. In paragraph 8, Kristol again rebuts his major claim when he relates humans to sensuals. He claims sex is like death, it is found both within humans and animals. As Kristol (1971) says, When sex is a public spectacle, a human relationship has been debased into a mere animal connection. In paragraph 11 Kristol makes a major shift change from his claims in the previous paragraphs. The placement of this paragraph was poorly chosen because it steps outside of Kristols main lineage, which states that humans and animals are the same. In paragraphs 5 and 7, Kristol uses the rebuttal method, which means to repeat the same point in different words. In paragraph five Kristol dialog about public nudity and how it is so improper to have in our soci... ...ure condition has not improved as a result of the new freedom. Kristol destines his major claims to the reader and makes a connection through rebuttal that gives his essay meaning. Kristol also uses very dramatic statements, which help his argument claims. Despite having these major claims he fails to show support to the reader that his facts are true. He has no hard-core evidence that supports his research. Even further he fails to connect with the opposing side about his argument about pornography, obscenity, and the case for censorship. ReferencesFaigley, L.& Selzer, J. (2000). Good reasons with contemporary arguments. Boston Allyn & Bacon. Kristol, I. (1971). Pornography, obscenity, and the case for censorship. In L. Faigley & J. Selzer (Eds.), Good reasons with contemporary arguments. (pp. 535-538). Boston Allyn & Bacon.

On The Beach At Night Alone By Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

In On the Beach at Night Alone, Walt Whitman develops the idea that everyone has a connection with everything else, including nature. Whitman uses a variety of composing techniques to get his point across. First, the repetition and parallel structure that his poems contain reinforce the connection between everything in nature. The usage of any 11 times emphasizes the comprehension of everything in the universe. The sentence structure remains the same throughout the poem, without any drastic change however, the length of the lines in the poem vary. In addition, Whitmans frenzy with his backchats further illustrates his idea of the Over-Soul. For example, A vast similitude interlocks all (4) shows his verbose nature. Whitman does not do directly to the point, but gives every little detail. approximately importantly, Whitmans use of catalogues stands as the most recognizable Whitman characteristic that illustrates his beliefs. These long lists that he uses set the mood of the poe m. All spheres, grown, ungrown, small, large, suns, moons, planets, (5) shows the idea that everything is connected in nature. Similarly, All nations, colors, barbarisms, civilizations languages. (10) furthermore emphasize Whitmans belief in the Over-Soul.Although Whitman uses a great deal of structural ways to stress his ideas, he also uses many some other ways of delivering his ideas. First of all, Whitman portrays himself as a public spokesman of the masses. The tone of the poem is a very loud, informative tone that grabs ones attention. The emphasis placed on the word all adds to the characterization of Whitman as a powerful speaker. Furthermore, Whitman takes part in his own poem. Participating in his own poem, Whitman moreover illustrates the connection between everything in life. Lastly, Whitman, most of all, celebrates universal brotherhood and democracy.

David Garrick :: essays research papers fc

David Garrick (1716-1779)     David Garricks contemporaries felt it would be vanity to describe his acting (Stone and Kahrl 27). Vanity has neer stopped Shane Davis from doing anything      David Garrick was considered to be the most influential and skilled actor of his time. Garrick is credited with revolutionizing the portrayal of character. His concept of experiencing the feelings of the character, is a concept that helped lead 18th-century theatre into a modern naturalistic era. It was an approach to acting that was directly at odds with the theatrical philosophy prior to Garricks inception (Stone and Kahrl 35). Garricks innovative fashion cognise as naturalism, led the extremely popular and successful actor James Quin to remark " If this order of Garricks is right, then we are all wrong" ( Cole and Chinoly 131). The style that was so admired and later copied by Garricks peers was a combination of naturalism, classical origin al of the passions, and exaggerated physicality. Garrick was not the originator of naturalism ,that distinction is Charles Mackilins, although he is credited with its success. Pure naturalism can be characterized by Macklins instruction of his players to ignore the cadence of tragedy, but simply speak the passage as you would in common life and with more emotional force (Cole and Chinoly 121). The term used to describe this new style of speech is called broken tones of utterance. It is a method of speech which concentrates more on the emotion in a verse rather than its meter. David Garrick was a opportunistic actor who borrowed from many different acting techniques (Stone and Kahrl 345). Garricks naturalism was concerned more with the feeling of true emotion , the uniqueness of character, combined with the physical representation of the passions. Representation of the passions was an accepted artistic convention for expressing emotion. Le Brun, a late 17th-century century artist , w rote a "grammar" of the passions from Descartes earlier work. In doing so he gives a formal explanation of the 17th and eventually 18th-century representation of emotion. Le Bruns manual explains that Contempt is expressed by the marrowbrows knit and lowering towards the nose, and at the other end very much elevate the eye very open, and the pupil in the middle the nostrils drawing upwards the mouth shut, and the corners somewhat down, and the upper lip thrust out farther than the upper one. (Le Brun) Le Bruns descriptions along with many suggestions of mannerisms which should accompany them were reprinted in the acting manuals of the time.

The Long Patrol :: essays research papers

Brian Jacques was born in Liverpool, England where he still lives today and writes all of his books. Brian Jacques is puff up known for his writing of the Redwall book series. His other professions involved him being longshoreman, a stand-up comedian, a long-distance truck driver, and a playwright. Brian Jacques started writing these books as stories for children with disabilities at a special school in his hometown of Liverpool.The Berkley Publishing Group 1997I would definitely recommend this book for a friend to read I very wishd this books cause it has lots of action in it and when there isnt any action happening, its just building up to some much action. I also liked this book because you really get to know the characters and everything is very detailed, especially the war scenes. The most important reason I like this book has to be because of all the action.The setting of this story takes place in a field where Tammo, the main character, is fighting imaginary enemies wishi ng he could tie the infamous league of fighting hares known as the Long Patrol. Tammo is a young hare that has the blood of many fighting hares running youre his veins. Tammos father is Colonel Cornsburry Tussock and is very strict and he leads his wife to help Tammo run away to join the Long Patrol. Russa Nodrey helps Tammo do this. Russa is a traveling squirrel that knows to a greater extent about the country than any other beast alive. Damug Warfang is a great rat that had to fight his brother to the death so he could become the firstblade, prescript of the Raps bandion hoard and is giving up their pirate ways and marching them inland. Meanwhile the Long Patrols leader Major Perigord is the most feared cut fighter there is. Him and the Long Patrol are all skilled fighting beasts that come from Salamandastron, the badger mountain by the sea. The ruler of Salamandastron is Lady Cregga rosaceous Eyes. Shes called Rose Eyes because while she is in battle he eyes are red with bloo d wrath some call it a disease because it makes its victim bloodthirsty and do anything to kill their enemy. At the famous Redwall Abbey Arven, Redwalls champion, and the Skipper of Otters are faced with a very serious-minded problem the south wall surrounding the abbey is collapsing All of these characters meet up with each other to do battle, with the teams being Damug versus all

Macbeths Downfall Essay -- essays research papers

In William Shakespeares Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, is a brave and loyal subject to the King of Scotland, but as the play progresses, his character begins to change drastically. Evil and unnatural powers, as well as his own passion to become pansy, take over his better half and eventually lead to his downfall. The three main factors that intertwine with one another that total to Macbeths tragic end are the prophecies told by the three witches, lady Macbeths influence, and finally, Macbeths excessive passion and ambition which drove his desire to become king to the utmost extreme. The prophecy told by the three witches was what triggers the other factors that contribute to Macbeth s downfall. In the first act, the witches tell Macbeth that he is to become the Thane of Cawdor and soon after, king. This prophecy arouses Macbeths curiosity of how he can become the King of Scotland. Stay, you feeble speakers, tell me more By Sinels death I know I am Thane of Glamis But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives, a prosperous gentleman and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief. (Act I. sc.III) This quote shows how the witches prophecy attracts Macbeth. It demonstrated how Macbeth thirsts for an answer from the witches of how is he to become the Thane of Cawdor and even king. As the play continues, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. It becomes a remedy for Macbeths curiosity, which corrupts his character. One of the witche...

Macbeths Downfall Essay -- essays research papers

In William Shakespeares Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, is a brave and loyal subject to the King of Scotland, but as the look progresses, his character begins to change drastically. Evil and unnatural powers, as well as his own passion to become king, take over his better half and last lead to his downfall. The three main factors that intertwine with one a nonher that contribute to Macbeths tragic end are the prophecies told by the three witches, Lady Macbeths influence, and finally, Macbeths excessive passion and ambition which drove his desire to become king to the utmost extreme. The prophecy told by the three witches was what triggers the other factors that contribute to Macbeth s downfall. In the first act, the witches allege Macbeth that he is to become the Thane of Cawdor and soon after, king. This prophecy arouses Macbeths curiosity of how he can become the King of Scotland. Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more By Sinels death I know I am Thane of Glamis But h ow of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives, a prosperous gentleman and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief. (Act I. sc.III) This quote shows how the witches prophecy attracts Macbeth. It demonstrated how Macbeth thirsts for an answer from the witches of how is he to become the Thane of Cawdor and even king. As the play continues, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. It becomes a assuage for Macbeths curiosity, which corrupts his character. One of the witche...

Why I Dance

Ever since I was a little girl dance has always been in my life. I can still remember as a three year old putting on my favorite knap sparkly costume on, and applying bright red-hot lipstick all over my chirpy face. I would put glitter all over my face and conk around the mansion house twirling. I felt like I was a princess whenever I danced, but sometimes I think I got so into my avow fantasy, that I got so dizzy I knocked myself into the wall. And the wall wasnt the only thing I got myself knocked into, I got myself into chairs, tables and even a lampUsually I would scarce cry for a couple minutes and my mother would comfort me but then Id get right back on my feet and setoff twirling. But once I knocked into my mothers lamp, I think that was the last straw she at long last said to me, Honey, if I put you in a dance class will you PROMISE me you wont dance in the house again? and thats how it all began Now 10 years afterwards I still keep dancing. Dancing is not so much a s a choice to me as a need. When one is thirsty, one drinks water.When I hear music, my body naturally starts moving because this is what I need to do to stay alive. Dance is and will always be my passion. People tend to command me why I lovemaking dance so much, but words cant explain, you have to be a dancer to completely see to it the love of this art. Maybe its the control of the dancers body to execute to each one move flawlessly that enraptures me? Or it could be the look on the dancers face that that says they love what theyre doing? Either way I love to dance. It brings such joy to so many people, both the dancer and the people watching.Some people may discord and say, Dance is not a sport But I say it is. Sports require pushing your body physical body to reach its maximum carrying out level. Some people consider throwing a ball and tackling a sport. But in my mind that is not a sport. Dance is a sport. Dance requires floor and elegance. Dance requires you to feel th e music, and let the music seep into you. To dance you have to take all your emotions out and mix them with your body and muscles and you get a attractive aroma of dance.Dance requires pushing your bodies to the ultimate limit, to dance you have to stretch daily and get as flexible as you can be. Dance requires patience and practice. In dance you may not get a in the altogether move right away, so you have to be patient with yourself and keep practicing and practicing till you finally get the move. So when you combine all these elements passion, practice, patience, flexibility and emotion you get something beautiful, you get dance. In a way dance is like life. Whenever Im learning a new move I always find myself landing on the ground head flat hard.I yelp in torment from the sore in my thigh, but I just get right back on my feet for more. In life you always find yourself facing new challenges. But if you run into a new challenge you just need to get right up back on your feet, li ve your life, and face the challenges. The shiny lemon-scented smooth wood shut tightly screwed onto the wall is like my friends and family. The ballet bar is like my family because when Im going through tough things in life my friends and family are always there to comfort and help me through the problem.Well the ballet bar is like that to because when I dance or use the bar to stretch and I feel I a little off balance I just grip the bar. So the bar is like my family and friends because it gives me the hurt I need when I dance. I remember the day I bought my first pair of Pointe shoes. They were so perfectly wrapped and pretty. They were a beautiful weirdie of light pink leather and smelled like a new car. They were as soft as velvet and just absolutely perfect. In Ballet each time I master a new step, its like life, my ballet shoes represent new beginnings.When I graduate college, that will be a new beginning, and when I am older and get married, that will be a new beginning. All throughout life, we begin new things whether there dandy or bad we just have to keep living our lives and enjoy it because we only have one. Now ten years later from twirling around my house and knocking into walls, and lamps I think about how much Ive grown as a dancer and a person. Dance has helped me in a good deal of areas I am very athletic, strong, and have high self-esteem.I am encouraged now more than ever to try my best in class, at competitions, and in life in general. So in conclusion, dance is a perfect example of everything I want to be when Im older Strong, beautiful, invigorated and hopeful. I know Im not completely those things now, but I can strive to become them, as I get older. I love dance, and I hope to dance for the rest of my life, and when Im 60 years old Ill still be able to do my splits. And thats why Dance is and will always be my passion.

International Management- Hunter Boots Ltd.

Designed to be outstanding in any field, from city streets to music festivals and rugged countryside, Hunter footwear is recognized for its performance durability and comfort achieved through a fusion of tradition and technology (Hunter shudder Ltd. , 2013) Hunter Boot Ltd. was founded in 1856, styled as the North British base hit social club, producing not only rubber boots but also tyres, conveyors and flooring. The famous wellies or wellington boots rose to fame when they were mass-produced during World War I to supply the army.By the intercept of the war wellies had become popular for use among the general population as well. After changing self-possession several times Hunter Rubber Company became a standal adept phoner in 2004, and was bought out of administration as Hunter Boot Ltd. in 2006. Now solely focusing on footwear, the federation has since positioned itself libertine and both the UK and USA footwear markets. In 2008 Hunter closed its plant of 96 years and re located its headquarters to Edinburgh (Scotland) and production to China.Striving for more efficiency and effectiveness in the production process Hunter boots are only still visually similar to its original design, whereas they have in fact become or so identical to the boots produced by its competitors. Nevertheless Hunter has experienced a period of considerable growth and is now distributed inter guinea pigly in all over 30 countries (Hunter Boot Ltd. , 2013). The author feels that is important to make a clear distinction between the years up to 2006, which is the year Hunter Boot Ltd. was placed into admission, and the years 2007 and in front to where Hunter Boot Ltd. s currently controlled by Searchlight Capital Partners LP (SCP). , which is a private investment firm operating in North America and Europe. depression this paper leave alone analyse the rise, and demise, of the company and then will shed some light on its resurgence in popularity and turn-around sales in ne w years (Paton 2011). According to Porter (1991) sustainable private-enterprise(a) avail in inter content job is determined by the four factors that form the diamond of national advantage factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. The factors are nterdependent and all are essential for achieving ( world-wide) succeeder. The application of this framework certainly holds square for Hunter Boot Ltd. s (international) success from its founding years to the early 2000s. rhombus of National Advantage Hunter Boot Ltd. 1856 2006 Relative level of vastness Factor Conditions Dumfries production plant, skilled labor and sufficient infrastructure. High Importance Demand Conditions Wet weather conditions make suitable footwear a necessity. soldiery supplier during both WWI and WWII. Loyal customer ranging from the British Royal Family to general population. High Importance Related & Supporting Industries Close worki ng relationships with suppliers and end-users within national boundary. Medium Importance Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Ability to manage vast growth in both production and labor force. Ambitious focusing strategy. High Importance Table 1 Porters Diamond of National Advantage applied to Hunter Boot Ltd. 1856-2006 The companys even up became inevitably clear in the years 2003-2005 when it recorded a pre-tas loss of approximately ? 700,000 with a net debt that had grown to more than ? 2m. These perils can be explained by two of Porters factors.Firstly the companys Factor Conditions, mainly its production plant, changed from major(ip) strength to major weakness. The location and facilities that helped bring to company to broadness during the war became hopelessly outdated in later years leading to relatively high cost of trying to continue its Scotland production. Lower production costs abroad, due to surges in gas, electricity and rubber prices in the UK, and the overall B ritish manufacturing decline made Hunter Boot Ltds ambitions to remain an independent maker based in Scotland unsustainable (Financial measure 2006).Also blamed in the process was the companys CEO Mark Sater, which relates to Porters factor on firm strategy, structure and rivalry, who chose to pursue a diversification strategy in that under his rule the product range was extended extensively in an effort to come on sales. The company even added a range of branded clothing and partnered with charities and fashion designers. With the previously mentioned financial situation the company was forced to consider external business proposals in an effort to keep the company afloat.Driving the following negotiations were the companys demand conditions which were clearly articulated by an anonymous insider in the Financial Times (2006) as anyone who hunts or fishes and has a few quid fancies themselves as the next owner. It is so close to the hearts of so many people it is almost have by the nation. None of the offers gained sufficient support of the board and the company collapsed in the spring of 2006. In several consecutive constructions Hunter Boot Ltd. Generated sales of ? 56m in 2010 and ? 78 in 2011 which is a strong financial improvement and turnaround from its pre-tax losses in 2005.Since early 2012 the company is under control of American-owned private comeliness group SCP which is pursuing global expansion. This makes Hunter Boot Ltd. one of many luxury brand buy-outs by private equity groups the like of SCP in youthful times. SCP has announced that it will try to set up stores selling the Hunter brand exclusively across the globe in the coming years. This is a major change in its international strategy since Hunter products are currently sold exclusively via wholesale retail channels (Paton 2011&2012).Despite the many changes in ownership Hunter product are still clearly trying to hang on its British heritage in a dual effort to insist its loyal UK cu stomer base and to differentiate itself from its competitors. As an example the company has two different website interfaces, one for UK customers and one for USA customers. Both emphasize the exclusivity and wiliness of the product, but the UK website further emphasizes its heritage by portraying the British flag and colors clearly on every opportunity. From a theoretical perspective one could argue that Hunter Boot Ltd. s current (international) business strategy can no longer be sufficiently explained by Porters Diamond model, and now bears more resemblance to Barneys VRIO model which is a resource-based view focused on the firms internal capabilities (Barney 1991). The resource-based view argues international success stems from the theory that some firms in one nation generate exports that are valuable (V), unique (R), hard to imitate (I) and supported by organizationally sound processes (O) which firms from other nations find beneficial to import.A valuable resource will lead to competitive parity, a valuable and rare resource to temporary competitive advantage, the addition of inimitability will lead to sustained (short-term) competitive advantage and meeting all VRIO-criteria will lead to (long-term) sustainable competitive advantage (Shahriari, M. & Ahmadi, A. , 2010). While companies whitethorn have many tangible and intangible resources only few of them are strategic in nature. Most strategic resources are of the created and intangible kind and lots knowledge-based, yet they can only be facilitated with the help of tangible resources.This mix is what enables a company to move past competitive convergence and into competitive advantage (Shariari et al. 2010 and Barney 1991). Globalization has affected Hunters home-based competitive advantages in that in a global economy there has been a shift from natural assets (land and raging labor) to created assets (human capital). Many of these created assets are intangible and firm or ownership specific whic h mean they are a good deal no longer controlled by specific countries or governments except within the constraints of the (national) law. Multinational firms (MNEs) like Hunter Boot Ltd. re free to move assets from a domestic to a foreign location which is often done when trying to pursue and generate new valuable assets (Dunning, J. H. , 1993). This opportunity is exactly what the company pursued when it moved its production plant to China temporary hookup maintaining its HQ in Scotland. It is the companys intangible or created asset of reputation that currently provides it with a long-term sustained competitive advantage over its competitors. Its constant customer focus and technological capabilities are a close second but do not withstand a long-term orientation course to a similar extent.This is particularly true for Hunter Boot Ltd. s technological capability since the recent move of its production facilities and cost-cutting strategy has made the company more vulnerable to imitation by competitors. Recently Hunter Boot Ltd. has been enjoying great success and it will have to prove if this is sustainable or not. It will come down to the following question Is the companys gaining in internal capabilities and resources enough to make up for the loss of its national advantages?The author states that it is life-sustaining for the company to uphold its reputation since this is currently the single sustainable source of competitive advantage and not one that cannot be affected. It might be that the company will lose some of its loyal (mainly UK) customers and gain a large number of mass-market global customers, but it is doubtful this will provide long-term success if the company is not able to differentiate itself sufficiently from its competitors in the near future. Bibliography BARNEY, J. , 1991.Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), pp. 99-120. DUNNING, J. H. , 1993. Internationalizing Porters Diamond. MIR Man agement International Review, 33 (Extensions of the Porter Diamond Framework), pp. 7-15. FINANCIAL TIMES, 2006, Future far from bright for Britains wellies, viewed on twenty-eighth of February 2013 http//www. ft. com/intl/cms/s/0/628795c2-cbd4-11da-a7bf-0000779e2340. htmlaxzz2MYTEnuR HUNTER BOOT LTD, 2013, viewed on 4th of bound 2013 http//www. hunter-boot. com/about-us PATON, E. 2010, Luxury industry movers and shakers, Financial Times, viewed on 1st of March 2013 http//www. ft. com/cms/s/0/0f2e5894-1c62-11e2-ba75-00144feabdc0. html PATON, E. , 2011, Hunter boots to pursue international growth, Financial Times, viewed on 28th of February 2013 http//www. ft. com/intl/cms/s/0/4846403a-2800-11e1-a4c4-00144feabdc0. htmlaxzz2MYTEnuRw PORTER, M. E. , 1998,Competitive advantage of nations,Free press. SHAHRIARI, M. and AHMADI, A. , 2010, A Resource-Based Framework of Strategic Marketing Planning to achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage, pp. 1-13.

American Sign Language Essay

For years psychologists make water debated and tried to find out how our individual behaviour is gained- atomic number 18 we born with it or do we gain it through experience? Many psychologists have tried to find ways in which they eject measure if our behaviour is learnt or inherited but these psychologists have encountered problems while doing so.One problem that psychologists have when investigating whether behaviour is learned or inherited is actually determination a task that can be given to all of the contrasting participants.Psychologists carrying out an experiment to find out about behaviour usually have participants which argon different in some way, for good example different sexes, different cultures, different levels of intelligence. Deregowski conducted a cross cultural experiment to see if people from different cultures perceive pictures the same. He found that the African children spent a lot of time looking at the pen and paper as they had never earlier seen o r used them in their life. The same task has to be given to all of the participants as the same dependant variable is being measured and this is a big problem as it decreases the reliability of the results.Another problem is that it is very difficult to separate genetics and our experience as we begin learning from the s we are born. This makes it hard to find a task that can measure just the intelligence we are born with because as long as we are on this planet, we are constantly learning new things that make us more intelligent. Gould carried out an experiment to measure peoples native mental ability (the intelligence we are a born with which is unaffected by culture and educational opportunities).The experiment clearly didnt measure native adroit ability, as you needed to know about American culture to answer the questions. Even thought the experiment was biased and favoured Americans, it is still a good example of how difficult it is to measure our native intellectual ability because Goulds aim for the experiment was to measure this but this obviously proved to be very difficult. new(prenominal) psychologists have tried to measure the intellectual ability we are born with but many have began to question whether we can ever make a task that measures our native intellectual ability.The only way we come very close to separating our learned and inherited ability is if we separate two identical match at birth and put them into different environments. We could put one into an environment where a very minimal amount of behaviour is learnt from experience. For example we could put the equalize into an empty room with no contact with the outside world and hardly any human contact (somewhat like a prison).The other twin can lead a normal life by going to school, interacting with other people etc. We can then observe the two twins in later life and if their behaviour is very similar or the same, it proves that behaviour is inherited. If the twin who lived in th e outside world is more developed that the twin who was leave off away from the world, it would prove that our behaviour is gained through experience. This is the only ideal way to investigate whether behaviour is learned or inherited but is this method respectable?Gardner & Gardner wanted to see whether a chimpanzee could communicate in American Sign Language and the only way they could investigate their aim was to treat a chimpanzee like a human and take it out of its natural habitat. They proved that a chimpanzee could communicate in ASL but the experiment was criticised by many people who thought it was unethical.

The Story of Her Life

A deaf and blind girl natural in 1880 said, Everything has its wonders, evening darkness and silence, and I learn whatever state I am in, therein to be content.Thus, this individual with incapability played and enjoyed her life amid the lack of devil sensesability to notice and visualisewas able to receive praises and admirations from the people around her. In addition, she was able to contribute to the world important things that even people with senses could non be able to give.The beginning of her lifeAs accounted by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), it was on June 27, 1880 when Helen Adams Keller, the daughter of Captain Arthur Henley Keller and Kate Adams Keller, got her first glimpse into the world. She was born healthywith full ability to hear and befoolin Tuscumbia, Alabama in the United States.Based on her writing The Story of My Life, Helen at the age of six-spot months could whistle out the words How dye followed by the word Tea. She, like any ot her normal babe, was fascinated with the beauty of the surroundingsits colour and the things composing it.She insisted on imitating whatever people around her were doing. Likewise, she enjoyed the music produced by the natural world and the noise by other people. She could learn whatever the child of her age could learn. Helen started to walk a day before she celebrated her first birthday (6).Nonetheless, unlike the other children, her happy days, manifested by her experiences of being able to see and hear, did not last long. The life of the healthy Keller baby, as claimed by RNIB, changed dramatically in February 1882. Helen fell ill with a disease by which the unsex during that metre had named as brain febrilityan illness which was also assumed to have been a scarlet fever or meningitis.This illness is still a mystery story for the medical doctors of today. The sickness of Helen had led the Keller family in believing that their daughter will die. When, eventually, the fever subsided, made the family rejoiced on the possibility that Helen will become well again.After the fever has passed, however, Helens mother noticed the changes in her daughters behaviorsHelen was failing to react whenever she passed her hand in front of her eyes or she was failing to hear and to respond whenever the dinner bell was rang. Later they realized that the feverthe illness that struck Helenhad left her both blind and deaf.On her account on her life, she mentioned, Then, in the bluish month of February, came the illness which closed my eyes and ears and plunged me into the unconsciousness of a new-born baby.(7) In the young mind of Helen, she realized that something was being taken away from herher ability to see the colors and hear the noise, again.This discovery gave the family much worry especially during the following years when taking care of Helen proved to be very hard for them. She became uncorrectableher attitude and behavior became reasons for her relatives to re gard her as a monster and a bad member of the family. This made them thought that the young Helen should be put into an debut capable of handling a child with such behaviors. When Helen reached the age of six, the family became more problematic on handling her.Though succumbed in the sad situation, the young Helen was been took care of by her mother. As she accounted, her mother gave her a loving wisdom that was bright and good during when she experienced long night. She began to learn some patterns like when to say No or Go away. At the age of five she learned more things beyond the things that she could see and hear.Based on the accounts of RNIB, Kate Keller, Helens mother had read a book by Charles Dickens entitled American Notes which entailed the fantastic work done to another deaf and blind child named Laura Bridgman. Because of her love to her daughter, she travelled to a specialist doctor in Baltimore to seek for advice in regards to the situation of Helenlater she learned that Helen would never see and hear again. However, the child could learned and be taught.They were advised to see an beneficial on the problems regarding deaf childrenAlexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Graham Bell pointed that they should write to the director of Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, Michael Anagnos, and asked for a mentor that would channelize and teach the deaf and the blind child. Convinced with the hopes and possibilities that Helen would learn, Michael Anagnos, recommended Anne Sullivan, the Institutions former student, to be the tutor of Helen.

Foreign Language and English Essay

Nowadays, almost six thousands spoken communications are spoken in different countries. And unfortunately, half of them are in danger of defunctness. Certainly, the disappearance of a verbiage prat be attributed to the system of communication. However, one can say that it is a loss of culture and expression of human experience. According to Baldwin (2006) contrary speech communication is a language non spoken by the people of a certain place. For instance, Italian is a foreign language in India. Hence, Italian language is a foreign language for Indians.In this regard, an Indian is not supposed to communicate in French. (Baldwin, 2006) Form the birth of this human being and human civilization, for both an individual and a society acquisition of any foreign language has been the subject of ardent debate in most of the countries. In this context, anthropologists and psychologists have been researched on 2nd language learning. In this regard, Hakuta and Bialystok have researched a lot according to them it is very difficult task for a native to speak foreign language. (Hakuta and Bialystok, 1994)Good and Bad Aspects of overseas Language However, according to Piron (n. d) because of different economies, diverse social societies, cultural differences, linguistic and implications in education have become a set of problems for an individual. Hence, as a matter of fact, when roughthing is complex, the natural tendency is to simplify. Consequently, nowadays every society has an enormously simplified image of the linguistic situation. Piron also believes, yet for a big office of mankind there is no language problems with regard to understand.Obviously, one can solve his or her problem by hiring a translator. On the other(a) hand, salvage some people living in diverse societies such as the US facing language problems every now and then. (Piron, n. d. ) For instance, a worker working in America can portray language problems frequently when communicating with t heir customers or boss. Or a manager of a firm may face financial loss due to the fact that he or she cannot understand opponents reason of conflict. Interestingly, according to Piron (n. d.) such people do not feel victims of an absurd and unfair system, they feel guilty, they feel they should have mastered the other language. (Piron, n. d. ) He further argued that as written in the Universal resolving of Human Rights, every individual has a right to communicate in his own language. (Piron, n. d. ) Is America Loosing Its Language? According to Baldwin (2006) a researcher in this area, in advance the arrival of European, around three hundred Native American languages were spoken in the US.And now some of them are not exist is anywhere in the US society. In addition, most of the spoken languages are disappearing fast. He further believes that America has lost its identity and is fast losing its language. (Baldwin, 2006) Another researcher in this area Feder (2006) also believes th at ordinary Americans look at a nation thats losing its language and identity. (Feder, 2006) Foreign Language and Its Effects on Children As far as learning foreign language is concerned it is very difficult task for children to learn it rapidly.However, according to Fertig (2007) naturally, some children have abilities to understand quickly other languages from birth. In this regard, children who speak two languages fluently are called bilingual. Interestingly, children who speak two languages fluently can be said to have 2 convey tongues. In this context according to Fertig (2007) neither children is foreign to that child, if in one language is a foreign language for the vast majority of people in the childs birth country.(Fertig, 2007) For instance, a child learning Spanish from his Spanish mother and French at school in France can communicate fluently in both Spanish and French, interestingly, neither is a foreign language to him or her. (Fertig, 2007) Following are some of th e major advantages of foreign language for children o Firstly, as a matter of fact, for children study in foreign language plays a catalyst role with regard of psychological and cognitive growth and development. o Secondly, confronting with 2 languages at an early age generally assists children to be more innovative.o Thirdly, many researchers in this area have divulge the facts that foreign languages positively effects on skills such as writing, speaking and listening, and most importantly when interacting with two foreign languages it expands individuals memory. However, in some parts of the US, because of highly marked diverse societies, schools administrations are constrained to adopt tow primary languages for education according to community and majority. This thing has both faithful and bad effects on childrens education.A child who is not bilingual by birth may confront several problems when taught in other language. Conclusion From the outset of this world, human have adop ted and dispersed several languages. As a student as discussed above, studying in foreign language has both pros and cons. However, the world has become a global village and hence it would be better to say that every individual if wants success in this world must have savvy of other languages, such as English, French, Spanish and so forth.References Baldwin P. C. (2006). The Sorriest Generation America Has Lost Its Identity And Is Fast Losing Its Language. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http//pieganinstitute. org/preservinglanguages. pdf Fertig C. (2007). Language intentness Programs for the Gifted Foreign Language, Parents and Educators, Gifted and Talented Children, Gifted Education, Parenting Gifted Children, College Planning. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http//resources. prufrock. com/tabid/57/articleType/CategoryView/categoryId/21/Foreign-Language.aspx Feder D. (2006). A Pathway to Citizenship and Political Extinction. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http//www. fron tpagemag. com/Articles/Read. aspx? GUID=9B4F0AA7-6059-4771-A906-0B42C8E7C5C9 Hakuta K and Bialystok E. (1994). In Other lyric poem The Science and Psychology of Second-Language Acquisition. New York Basic Books. Piron C. (n. d. ). Psychological Aspects Of The Language Problem Presence or absence of language handicap. Retrieved, October 24, 2007, from http//www. geocities. com/c_piron/1. html

Ray Lewis Leadership Essay

A attraction is a person who has the ability to lead or teaching an entire group of people, a drawing card is somewhat iodin who is followed by other people. Being a leader is a wonderful privilege, it is something that is non necessarily pass on to an idiosyncratic nor is it something that can be bought, lead is something that is earned. This entire course we sacrifice been learning astir(predicate) and discussing various characteristics of telling leaders. Some of those characteristics included confidence, charisma, courage, heart, pers eerance, and among many others. This marqueup volition focus primarily on peerless individual who exemplifies these traits and many other characteristics which contri howeveres greatly to his success as a leader. The person that has been selected for the basis of this story is barb Lewis, a twelve year pro-bowl selection linebacker from the Baltimore Ravens.The reason I have chosen Lewis for this paper is because of the qualities h e has as a leader non only on the persisting field, but off of it as well. He is what I believe to be the best and nearly motivational and sacred player in the National Footb all told League today, maybe even all sports. The object of this paper is to elaborate on Lewis characteristics and provide an explanation of his leadership style and why they be effective.This paper will begin by giving an in depth analysis of rhenium. After the analysis it will hence move into discussing barbs styles of leadership. After talking about Lewis styles it will then begin exit through all his characteristics as a leader and what makes him stand out as a leader, in other words, I will explain why Ray Lewis is such(prenominal) a powerful and effective leader and the reason he stands out to people other than his organization.Ray Lewis is a professional football player who is currently in his 17th anneal playing for the Baltimore Ravens in the National football game League. Lewis, born on M ay 15th 1975, ranks him amongst nonpareil of the oldest current players in the league. rase at age 37 Lewis manages to still be ace of the most dominant forces in the spunky today even while competing with and against athletes who are nearly half of his age. Seas star(a)d but experienced, Lewis still has much to offer his group regardless of his age. Statistically Lewis still remains up near the top of the list. In seventeen seasons Lewis has won triple individual awards as well as squad awards during his conviction in the NFL. Lewis has been selected to thirteen pro-bowl appearances in his seventeen year career.Essentially the pro-bowl is a nation panoptic vote on what players go to an all-star game, the players who are selected are deemed the best at their perplex during that year. Lewis has also been selected as the best antiaircraft player in football in two of those seasons, which earned him the Defensive Player of the Year award in 2000 and 2003. In 2000, the Ba ltimore Ravens lead by Lewis were underdogs in the biggest game of the year, the Superbowl. The Baltimore Ravens won that game 34-7 over the New York Giants to clinch the perfect end to their season. Lewis became only the second linebacker to win the MVP award for his performance in that game.Adding to his collection of individual awards was the ultimate award of National champions after winning the Superbowl. Since 1996 Lewis has started 228 regular season games and 17 playoff games. In those 228 games he has scripted 2,061 tackles, 41 sacks (times tackled the Quarterback), 31 interceptions, and 3 defensive touch refines. These numbers are a clear representative of how dominant Ray can be on the field as well as what a long and powerful career he has had thus far. Not only do these numbers say that he has had a great career, but it shows that Lewis has credibleness behind everything he says on and off the field.Before getting into the leadership styles of Ray Lewis, I want to pro vide a historical setting of him in show to give a brief idea of Rays childhood and w here he came from. Ray Anthony Lewis was born on May 15th 1975 in Bartow, which is a small city in Central Florida. His render Sunseria Smith, had Ray at a very early age of 15. His father walked out on some(prenominal) Ray and his mother while they were in the hospital without his peeled born baby even having a name. The first time he ever saw his father face to face was when Ray was just shy of a year old. The abandoning of Ray by his father played a dreaded role and had a large bushel on his vivification as the time went by. He believes his fathers absence in his life very helped shaped him as a man and made him the character that he is today.Growing up, Ray witnessed many things in life that effected him individually in a course that would alter the path of his life. As the years went on, Ray still without a father, began to play sports as a kid. He found his calling in football when h e was told by multiple coaches that he had a natural talent and was extremely gifted. The problem was that Ray had no one to tell at home.His mother was constantly working, she maintained three jobs to keep the house over their head and food on the table. Every time he did something great in life his father was never in that location. When he graduated from highschool, his father was still not there. When he accepted a scholarship to Miami University in the spring of 1993, his father in so far again failed to show his son support. The reason this is important and relevant to Rays characteristics of a erect quality leader is because it is the spark behind his motivation.I was pissed off was the answer Lewis gave the interviewer when asked how he felt about his situation with his father (E60. Ray Lewis, 2012). He explained how his fathers absence in his childhood irritationed him, and dislocated him. He oftentimes wondered how someone could create life and just leave it behind l ike nothing ever happened. The anguish that Ray was receiving from all the lost promises, lack of time spent with his father, and being the only man in the house growing up was all turned into a positive expertness for him. The reason that his father is a popular topic thus far is because of how he created the man that Ray Lewis is based on the fact he left wing him alone. I turned pain into my friend. The only ever way to defeat pain, is to recognize that pain exists.Thats the only ever way you will outsmart pain. Because pain comes in every second of our lives (A football Life Ray Lewis, 2011). What he meant by turning pain into his friend was that he would use that pain that his father bestowed upon him to motivate and drive himself every day by working out. Sometimes I would do pushups and situps until I cried because I wanted to beat him so bad I wouldnt reveal, I promised myself I would never stop (A Football Life Ray Lewis, 2011).Much of Rays success in training came fr om the drive he had from the pain he suffered. When he was in highschool one of his coaches playscripted him a yearbook and told him to turn to the sports scallywag. On that page was a picture of Rays father Ernie. The next page had a list of records for every sport, in the number one slot for record holders was Rays fathers name. He made a promise to himself that he wouldnt stop training, he would never give up no national what, and he would exsert to fight through the pain until his fathers name was gone off of those records. Every time he in like mannerk over a record, he cross his fathers name off of the record list.The past of Ray Lewis is the reason for why he is the leader that he is today. Growing up with a single mother, Ray witnessed his mother in many broken relationships. As a child, there were multiple occasions where Ray saw his mother with bruised arms, black eyes, cut up faces and other signs of domestic abuse from failed relationship. Another motivation he had for working so hard was to make sure that No man, ever, ever effectuate his detainment on my mother again or family again (A Football Life Ray Lewis, 2011).This mentality Ray had would continue on for the rest of his life. He authentic the skills necessary for fulfilling the leadership role at a very early age. All of this makes it very easy to cope with as to why Ray Lewis has create the characteristics necessary for being an independent, trustworthy, never going to quit, hard working, and passionate individual. I could go on and on about characteristics, virtue, and other good qualities Ray possesses and we will eventually get there. The next part of this paper is going to examine Ray in the modern era, and look at his leadership styles and why they are so effective as well as examine the possibilities as to why he is so well respected as a leader.Im a natural born leader Ray admits, he constantly reminds people that if they follow him he will take them to greatness (America s Game 2000 Baltimore Ravens). This section will focus primarily on leadership, and why Ray is a great example of exemplary leadership and what styles he uses for star(p) his organization. The first style of Ray that will be mentioned is his ability to lead by example. This type of leadership according to the EIL module is con aspectred modelling the way which basically means paving the path for teammates and/or the organization by leading by example.In the National Football League players are considered the best of the best at what they do, being self-confident is hardly an issue, but being the best does not necessarily mean that they work or play like they are the best. Essentially what I mean is that it is very easy for people who are good at something to not think that they need to continue working to get better. Yet it is very hard to not give a hundred percent at something when the entire atmosphere of the organization is doing the very(prenominal) thing.However, when ther e is that one person who is constantly trying to outwork everyone and never settles for anything less than a hundred percent it is very difficult for the entirety of the team and/or organization to continue slacking or not giving it their best effort. This type of leader forces to people to want to do well by consistently working to the best of their abilities and never quitting. When talking about Lewis and his ability to lead it is important to look at how he handles situations of adversity. Every person, team, and organization has at one point in their existence faced a matter of adversity or been in some situation where they had to climb their way out of a struggle.The year 2000, marked a major transition in Ray Lewis life. That year Ray was facing adversity as an individual for he was impeach of murder after his involvement in a bar fight one Saturday night (Beyond the Glory 2004). The charges were dropped and Ray was considered wrongfully accused, however, even though proved innocent this still did not help his image in any way, shape or form. Those who k current Ray closest knew he was not about delirium and never believed it was true. That year the Ravens were playing an away game against the Tennessee Titans. Ray Lewis was being introduced and as he was coming through the tunnel the fans were yelling vulgar, offensive, and racist comments towards him.They were cheering You black son of a bitch and other racial slurs towards Lewis. His team mate Trent Dilfer noted that the way Lewis reacted to that was amazing, he did not act out of anger or say anything back. He simply proved to his team that no matter what someone says to you you always have to move on and never stop fighting. Lewis did just that, he used what these fans were yelling at him and turned it into positive cipher, leading the Ravens to a victory over the Titans that game (Americas Game 2000 Baltimore Ravens).The team had his back, and erstwhile they saw how Lewis was transitioning th e negativity into a positive they followed his lead. Lewis was known for making a claim and backing it up. He would constantly repeat himself about how he is going to win this game for his team, as long as they follow his lead and have his back because he will always have theirs. He would never allow himself to fail on the field, he would back up all of his words with actions and that made him an effective individual that people could put their trust in. He did just that, in 2000 he led the league with 137 recorded tackles, 3 interceptions, and 3 sacks (LLC 2000).The importance of leading by example goes hand in hand with the individuals ability to be an influential, motivation, and inspirational one as well. This leadership style is also known as encouraging the heart. This style of leadership is actually what Lewis is most known for, the way he can inspire his teammates with words of wisdom and words of truth. Lewis can capture the minds of many of his team by simply talking to th em. He enables people to want to do well and gives them a whole new confidence that mentally prepares them for something important. Anytime that Lewis felt his team was comely shy of hope, and losing faith, he would be the one to get them back up on their feet and make them believe nothing is impossible.Before every game Ray gathers his teammates together to provide them with mental energy. Usually he begins by telling them that they should never settle for anything less than their best. He always reminds them why they are where they are today, and how they need to take advantage of every opportunity that appears. He constantly reminds them that he will be there for them when they are in a moment of despair. Any time they are feeling like they cannot move on they will be reignited with him giving it his all. I am not telling you something for the benefit of myself, I am telling you something for the benefit of us (Americas Game 2000 Baltimore Ravens).The intriguing thing about Lewi s is that he understands when it is time to talk, and when it is time no listen. As credible of a player he is, Lewis still respects every time his coaches or players have something to say. The most surprising things I have discovered about Ray upon first meeting him was how quiet he really is. Lewis rarely opens his mouth and is usually found in the background quietly watching and observing everything that goes on in a meeting. Wisely, Lewis is very selective about when he chooses to deliver a vocal message. But when he does, everyone listens (Riddle, 2012). Those times that he chooses to open his mouth he delivers powerful messages that force people to believe in something greater than what they think they see.The following passage is a speech given by Ray Lewis to his team and coaches in the hotel a night before their AFC championship game We have been here before, we done been here 3 years in a row N we let this time off the hook. Make sure that you own it tonight and do not let them take you away from this moment man Cuz this is all we got. Thats what yall dont realize most of the time, that we gonna get this again. We gonna get this again, the car runs too fast. Thats why we got to savour these moments cuz of right now. I couldnt understand that when I was 24 and 25. Thats why God had to incarcerate me so I could see how great my blessing was that he gave me. So I had to come from a jail being in position, to then step onto a Superbowl pulpit man.I dont do this for me, I just watch enough film so that I can put myself in position to make my defence the best damn defence in football. Thats why I come back every year. We are not permit this team get out of here this time. Thats what we here for, a W And when we get off the bus tomorrow, we get off it with a swagger, a swagger that says.. Done Lewis was known for his we not me mentality that inspired many people to want to play with him, for him, and for the team. A distinct story stood out about this man . It was a the beginning of a new season, Lewis and the Ravens were about to take the field. Patiently waiting in their locker room stalls, nervous and anxious, all of these players have one goal in mind, to win the game.All of a sudden, just minutes before it was time. Lewis stands up, and pulls out a bottle of what looks to be muscle reliever of some sort. He begins to go up to every single person in that locker room. One by one he dabs his finger in this bottle, and curtly touches each individual on the head. As he is doing so he is whispering something different to each of his teammates. What he is doing is essentially blessing all of his teammates. He is praying for their safety and courage. It was as if he injected every man in that locker room with synthesized courage (Riddle, 2012). This highly motivated his team, a new found inspiration was giving to his teammates that night.This event touched many of Lewis teammates in many different ways. They all believed that they were one unit, one team, one family, because they had a father and mentor that they knew would always keep them safe. Lewis is well known for encouraging the hearts of other players, making them feel surefooted of succeeding. He is especially effective when the morale of the team is at a low because he feeds off of his players emotions, he understands how to motivate his teammates both mentally and physically.As motivation as Ray Lewis is the list of qualities and styles does not end at motivational. One of the most stand out styles and characteristics of an individual leader is his or her ability to inspire a team based on a vision. This is one style that Lewis takes to heart and is exceptionally great at doing. He has the ability to inspire a team based off a shared vision, which is his vision that inspires the rest of the organization. Ray Lewis is know for his passion for the game, and an even bigger passion for being the best possible person he can be as a man of God. This mentali ty also influences how he thinks as an athlete. Recently, he was asked to participate in an interview with hall of fame player Deion Sanders during the playoffs. Ray asked them if they could hold off until next week insinuating that his team will win the upcoming game and move on to the next round of the playoffs.Some call it cockiness, I call it confidence the two chuckled over Rays remarks because of how confident he was in his team to be successful. Rays mentality was simple, he claimed that he was never in it to fail. See Im not going to lose, Im not in it to lose. Thats just a fact. I never strap up my helmet to go lose. And honestly, thats a vision. And thats the thing, get everybody seeing that same vision.. and if you do, man thats rough beating a man with a vision, beating a man who sees something (Beyond the Glory 2004). This mentality Ray had stated would go on much further than just words that he thought of on the spot.He preaches to his team about being one unit, think ing a like, having the same mind set day in and day out, because if that is the case then they real will be unstoppable. He preaches about being one heart beat, one mind and that essentially means that they live and die as one, there is no individuals. Essentially, if one person makes a mistake everyone is accountable, and this went for off the field situations as well as on the field decisions as well. Lewis inspired his team to be smart, play with each other, and especially most importantly learn to love each other. Lewis said that if you are not playing for each other than you will never amount to anything great.It is more beneficial to play selfless than to play selfishly. Reason being is because his whole vision is that the only path to success, is the one that we take together. There is no other way. If we all believe in the same thing and have the same vision, then we will truly be powerful, and no one can take that away from us. (A Football Life Ray Lewis 2011). In 2011, Ra y suffered a broken toe injury that sidelined him for some(prenominal) weeks.Instead of acting upset like how most athletes act, he instead used the adversity and turned it into a positive for his teammates.Adversity defines true character. If one of us is hurting, the other part gotta pick it up This is the message he told his team the following game while he was talking to them before their game. He emphasizes that having a team believe in the same goal will ultimately advance a program and organization to new heights, in order to be successful all must be on board when making the right choices for accomplishing a goal.Those types of leadership mentioned prior in this paper actually compliment the next style which is challenging the process. This style basically means never settling for anything. Always going after target. When one goal is accomplished, some other one is added to the board. Lewis is a firm believer that there is only one way, and that is up. And there will cont inue to only be one up until he stops playing the game when he retires. After Lewis and the Baltimore Ravens won the championship in 2000, Lewis was talking about it is great to celebrate, but other teams are already training to take down the Baltimore Ravens next year, and their goal is be right there at their very moment again (Americas Game 2000 Baltimore Ravens).Even in his workouts it is evident that he continues to push himself passed his limits because settling for mediocre and at a certain level is not what makes an individual great. Growing up, every skill Ray ever had he would always tell himself that it isnt enough. He wanted more, and he would continue to make new goals after every one was accomplished. This mentality would benefit his career as a professional.He continuously emphasizes the importance of hard work, and will. The will to keep going when everything is good can often be more difficult then when everything is bad. When something is going well you tend to th ink you are doing alright and do not need to keep line for more, Lewis understands that if this is the case then he will never be truly as great as he could be if he believes that is true.A uncertainty that often rises when talking about Ray Lewis is where does all this energy and motivation come from? What is he like outside the game of football? Well, as was mentioned earlier Lewis has come from a broken home, fatherless, with a mother who was full time working two different jobs. His childhood is what fueled him to be great. Especially with situations such as domestic violence that Ray saw a very young age it is no question where his motivation to be a good person comes from.When his father left him he could not grasp an understanding as to why a father would bail like that on his new born baby. Why cant a daddy be a daddy to a child who had no choice to be here today, why would someone leave that child. (A Football Life Ray Lewis 2011). This was the reason why he not having a dad developed Rays mindset. I didnt know who to call daddy, he worked because of that, he used to cry during workouts because of that mindset that, pain is nothing.Ray Lewis today has six children of his own 4 kings, and two queens, and I have never had a greater push in my life than to see my children smile. ( A Football Life Ray Lewis 2011). This along side many of the people he met later in life would go on to be a reason why he is the man that he is today. Ray got involved with an individual who was suffering from a disease that was life threatening.Bill Warble was Lewis biggest fan, an elderly man who promise Ray he would not leave this earth until they won another championship. Ray says that he owes Bill his life. He taught him a valuable lesson on life, which contributed much to his reasoning as a leader and how to act. Bill Warble had taught him what to complain about, what not to complain about, what not to be sad about, what to be glad, sad, mad and happy about. (A Footbal l Life Ray Lewis 2011). This changed his perspective on life for the better as Lewis began to see things in his own life a lot clearer.Ray Lewis will go down in history as one of the greatest linebackers to ever play in the National Football League, along with that claim he will also go down as one of the best leaders on any sports team as well. For all who have played with him, got a chance to meet him, knew him outside of the game, all of those people knew the real Ray Lewis and what he was capable of doing. He was truly an inspiration and it was a pleasure to play along side Ray (Riddle, 2011). Whether the team wins or loses, Ray is never taking credit or placing the accuse on anyone. He will forever live by his one heart beat, one mind mentality and will forever impact the lives of those who got a chance to play along side him.After their AFC championship discharge in 2011 Ray was getting interviewed by reporters about what had happened. He got upset with the reporters for hin ting towards the loss being solely on one player.What you gonna do put that loss on two men? Oh, Evans should have caught the ball, oh Billy should have made the kick. Well, maybe I should have made that tackle in the third quarter. So anything could cost you, so there is no one person that you could ever put blame on. We came here as a team, we locked and loaded as a team, lets make sure we leave as a team. (A Football Life Ray Lewis 2011).He went on after the game to tell his teammates in prayer that they did what they had to do, that next year they had to make sure they finished. He told his team it is no ones fault but their team combined effort. No one person gets the blame. He kept the morale as high up as he could in order to keep his team motivated for the following season, that this loss should burn into their memories for next year. Use it as fuel, turn that negative energy into something useful. Lets understand ourselves as men, and make somebody smile when we walk out of here (A Football Life Ray Lewis 2011). This is Ray Lewis, his impact and his legacy.We get one opportunity in life, one chance at life to do whatever youre going to do, and lay your foundation and make whatever mark youre going to make. Whatever legacy youre going to leave, leave your legacy Ray LewisSourcesSabol, Ed. 2000. Ravens Road to the Superbowl (Documentary). NFL Films. United States. Sabol, Ed. 2011. A Football Life. Ray Lewis (Documentary). NFL Films. United States. Farrey, T. Nichols, R. Schaap, J. Smith, S. 2012. E60 Ray Lewis (Interview). ESPN. United States. N.A. 2004. Beyond the Glory. Ray Lewis Season 4, ep. 9. (Documentary). United States. Riddle, Ryan. August 7th 2012. Bleacher Report (Article). Web. December quaternary 2012.

Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb Essay

The purpose of this contribution is to analyze the singingship among condition 34 TFEU and subject do master(prenominal) of a function regulates regulating when, where, how and by whom a practice of jurisprudencefulnessfully imported and food groceryed crop may be utilised. According to that provision, denary restrictions on imports and all dance steps having similar effect shall be prohibited between part assures. The Treaty is silent on how unitary should at a lower placestand the words all measures having like effect. In Dassonville, the Court held that these words cover all trading rules enacted by member states which are capable of obstructive, now or in instantly, actually or potentially, intra-community patronage are to be considered as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions. This definition is far from being as operational as is sometimes presumed, since it begs at least devil questions (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989) . First, what measures constitute trading rules and, second, how serious an impact must a measure bugger off before it is hindering intra-community guile. In its practice, the Court has attached very little, if any, importance to whether guinea pig rules offer to regulate trade in goods or whether they pursue other aims. Indeed, in the case law it practice sessions interchangeably the phrases trading rules,1 all commercialized rules2, all measures3, all rules4 and all legislation5 to the regulatory subject matter of the national rule in question. The Courts focus is thus on the effects, not the aim or purpose or the subject matter, of the measure in question. Similarly, regarding the second condition that the national measure be capable of hindering intra-community trade, the Court has consistently ref employ in principle to follow out any de minimis test under article 34.6 Measures which affect trade only indirectly or potentially thitherfore fall inside the definition o f a trade restriction (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989). Indeed, the Court in several cases has disregarded statistical certify showing that imports film increased after a measure was introduced, on the basis that imports might have increased even more in the absence of such a measure. Consequently, the definition of a trade restriction has beejaculate almost all-encompassing, and the legality of huge swaths of national rules therefore depend on the proportionally and justification-test enshrined in crafticles 34 and 36 (ex art. 30). This in turn reduces legal certain(a)ty for both Member conjure ups and traders, and implies a fundamental risk of judicial over bill for the Court itself. As the Sunday-trading saga illustrates, the Court is comfortably aware of these concerns and its command in Keck, in congener to a particular group of national rules (i.e., selling arrangements), stack be seen as an attempt to meet them. Moreover, in another line of cases, the Court in r eality has come close to introducing a de minimis test (albeit at a very low threshold level) by retentiveness that the restrictive effects which a national measure has on the free exertion of goods may be too uncertain and too indirect for it to be regarded as capable of hindering trade between Member States (Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb, 1981). The difficulty of establishing the appropriate stretch of Article 34 of the Treaty is illustrated by the fact that while the Keck jurisprudence has been criticized for being too inflexible and unable to catch all sure-enough(prenominal) barriers to trade, it has been argued that the Krantz case law is too difficult to apply and therefore generates legal uncertainty.Use restrictions as measures of equivalent effect Against this background, let us turn to the relationship between Article 34 and national measures which bequeath the importation and tradeing of a given harvest- understructure, but restrict when, where , how or by whom it may be used (hereafter use restrictions). Such rules are very common in national legislation. As an example, one could mention a requirement for persons to have attained a particular age before acquiring or using the product, such as a rule preventing minors from purchasing and/or imbibition alcohol. The notion also covers rules prohibiting the use of the product in certain places or at certain times, deal a shun on the use mobile phones in airplanes or a prohibition on the use of fireworks save for a few days of the year. Other examples would be local planning rules prohibiting the use of a given kind of brick or tile for the construction of houses in a particular area or a expel of certain activities for which a good is normally used, for example a ban on hunting with dogs and horses. Considering the vast number of such rules, it is important to consider whether use restrictions should be regarded as trade restrictions at all, and if so, how intrusive t hey must be to be caught by Article 34. up to now a prohibition on wearing a particular type of clothing, such as a burka, in public places is arguably covered by this concept. On the one hand, the aim of such rules is normally not to regulate trade. Moreover, they generally do not affect the trade of imported goods more than they affect the sales agreement of municipal goods. Finally, with a literal reading of Article 34 of the Treaty and the Courts sustain ruling in Dassonville, it may be questioned how rules which do not limit the importation and marketing of the pertinent product, but merely regulate how it may be used after its sale, quite a little be say to constitute trading rules( Procureur du Roi, 1974). On the other hand, it is clear that some limitations on how a product may be used can negatively affect gross revenue and import to a very significant extent. Indeed, whereas a prohibition on using mobile phones in airplanes hardly has any such effect, a ban on usin g fireworks all year except on 31 December is probable to (greatly) reduce demand for, and thus sales and import of, that good. Similarly, one may imagine that a ban on the use of SUVs in congested urban zones would constitute an efficient means for diminishing sales and import of such cars to the benefit of more environmentally friendly vehicles. Still, while it may be relatively easy to accept that rules completely banning the use of a given product constitute measures with equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction, it may be questioned whether rules merely limiting its lawful use acquire to be subject to a common European judicial get wind as to their legitimacy, suitability and necessity. To manage this question, it is, in our view, necessary to consider the practical and economic effect on trade of rules restricting the lawful use of goods. An argument can be made that, with the exception of (virtually) complete bans on use, the effects of use restrictions differ fun damentally from the effects of product related rules, and that use restrictions should rather be compared to selling arrangements. grapheme B bulwarks of the free movement of goods are prohibited by Art 34 TFEU. Art 56 and Art 57 TFEU provide the same prohibition with regard to the emancipation to provide and receive services. Up until now, the case law on restrictions of the free movement of goods has been far more extensive and nuanced, particularly with the distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements made in the famous Keck-decision. However, with an increasing case load the Courts attention seems to have gradually shifted to Art 56 and Art 57 TFEU. Even though goods and services are covered by break dance Treaty provisions, it has been argued that the restriction of those two market freedoms requires equal treatment because of their substantial similarities and the fact that they are economically often strongly related. This close relation i s, for example, visible in the area of publicize. In answering the question of whether a national ban on advertising is restricting, the focus could lie either on the advertised product or on the advertising service. The Court itself has held that, in the field of telecommunications, it is difficult to determine generally whether it is free movement of goods or freedom to provide services which should take priority, because the two aspects are often intimately linked. As A.G. Jacobs pointed out in Sger, it is sometimes even difficult to distinguish between goods and services. An educational service could for example be provided by sending books or video-cassettes to a recipient in another Member State. In this smudge there are both reasons to deal with this situation under Art 34 TFEU, as well as under Art 56 TFEU. Sometimes a differentiation becomes even more elusive. In situations where only the service itself moves for example by cable or through the internet the only r emnant to the sale of goods is the immaterial nature of the offered service in contrast to the material nature of the good.6 Because of this close relation between goods and services, a different treatment of restrictions according to the choice of legal basis would seem absolute in many cases. In this paper, I will analyze the relationship between restrictions of the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services Is there a uniform restriction approach under Art 34 and Art 56 TFEU, and can the Keck-distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements be transposed into the field of services?( Procureur du Roi, 1974). It arises that both restriction-tests are based on the same principles of mutual credit rating and nondiscrimination. Further, there is no need for a separate principle of market overture because market glide slope is the aim of the restriction test rather than an independent restriction criterion. Finally, it will be demonstrated that there is a need for the establishment of the categories of service requirements and arrangements for the provision of services under Art 56 TFEU equivalent to the Keck-judgment.Restriction of the Free Movement of Goods Art 34 TFEU prohibits quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect. The wording of the provision, especially with regards to equivalently effective measures, is not inherently clear. As a consequence, the Court of Justice was given great daintiness in interpreting and defining the scope of application of Art 34 TFEU. The Dassonville case in 1974 was the kickoff opportunity the Court took to address the question of what national legislation could, in principle, constitute a measure having equivalent effect. The Court decided to give Art 34 TFEU a very broad center and stated that such measures are, all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, int ra-union trade. In the important decision Cassis de Dijon the Court also conventional the principle of mutual recognition (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). According to this, Member States are prohibited from restricting the sale of goods that have been lawfully produced under the rules of another Member State. The restriction is prohibited even if it results from the application of national regulations that do not distinguish between national and imported products (indistinctly applicable measures). The principle of mutual recognition seeks to prevent aimting a double burden on imported products by requiring them to comply with two different sets of rules. If the product complies with the home State rules, any other Member State must in general accept that product on its market. Controversy arises when the principle of mutual recognition and the principle of home. State controls are used synonymously. In a broad interpretation mutual recognition is defined as a mechanism of allocation of regulatory competence to the country of origin designed to avoid a dual regulatory burden (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). Others ordinate the focus on functional parallelism and the created further regulatory space for the host State control through the creation of the mandatary requirements exception. The host State can invoke those mandatory requirements, also known as public interest requirements, to condone the national rule and thus keep its regulatory world power. However one wants to look at it, it is clear from the case law that there is no automatic recognition or unrestricted regulatory power of the home State because it is limited by the acceptance of mandatory requirements and the principle of functional equivalence. Therefore whenever home State control is mentioned, it has to be borne in mind that it is just a general assumption of the allocation of regulatory power which can be rebutted. As a consequence of the extensive interpreta tion of Art 34 TFEU by the Court in Dassonville, nearly every national regulation could be brought under judicial testing because it potentially constituted a hindrance to trade. While many consider Dassonville to be judicial activism beyond acceptable bounds, it must be seen in the context of the action or non-action of other European powers. out front the Dassonville decision Member States made little systematic effort to remove non-tariff barriers (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). The unanimity requirement for Council decisions guide to political quasi-inactivity in the 1960s. In response, the Commission issued in 1969 the Directive 70/5017 which gave measures with equivalent effect an noble-minded reading and listed 19 types of prohibited rules and practices. All these factors influenced the Court in taking quasi-legislative action, becoming itself the driving personnel office for the building of a common market. The most important consequence of Dassonville and following cases was that the Court empowered the main interest group for removing trade barriers, the European traders and producers, to challenge national legislation. Therefore, the pressure was on the Member States to justify legislation contrary to Art 34 TFEU.Limitation by Keck The Courts case law constituted a great incentive to move towards a common market, but the breadth of the Dassonville-formula saturnine out to be a double-edged sword. The formula, which did not seem to provide limits to judicial review, was increasingly used as an instrument to attack any national legislation which stood in the way of free trade like the famous Sunday trading cases show and this led to an overload of cases. Moreover, national courts clearly signaled their contrast with the lack of sensible limits and guidelines by simply not applying the formula. Finally, the Court faced heavy criticism in academic literature. These developments led to the important Keck decision in 1993. In th is decision the Court limited the scope of judicial review regarding indistinctly applicable measures by adopting a differentiation suggested by academics (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). The differentiation was made between product requirements on the one hand, which regulate the composition, packaging or presentation of a product, and certain selling requirements on the other, which only regulate the place, time and manner of selling products. According to the Court, product requirements are always considered to have equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction on trade, because they put a double burden on foreign products which already had to comply with their national requirements. In contrast, certain selling arrangements do not fall within the scope of Art 34 TFEU, provided that those provisions apply to all affected traders operating within the national territory and provided that they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States. This is because they do not prevent the access of foreign goods to the market or impede the access of foreign goods more than they impede the access of domestic products. With Keck the Court moved on from its approach in Dassonville and decided that, whereas the producing State is responsible for rules on product requirements which have to be recognized by the import State (which had already been decided in Cassis), the importing State has in general the sole regulatory competence regarding certain selling arrangements provided that they do not discriminate products from other Member States in law or in fact. With the decisions in Cassis and Keck and the creation of mandatory requirements, the Court effected a complex framework for the split in competence between the home State and the host State. Even though the Keck-decision was much criticized, the court nevertheless continuously applied the established distinction between product requirement s and certain selling arrangements in later cases (Manfred Sger, 1991). It ruled, for example, that there was no breach of Art 34 TFEU in cases of time limitations to the sale of goods or the provision that certain products can be sold only by licensed retailers. Nevertheless, if the selling arrangement is either discriminatory (in fact) or capable of imposing a double burden33, the Court will find a breach of Art 34 TFEU (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). Although the distinction has its shortcomings, especially because certain measures, such as advertisement regulations, cannot be put in one of the two categories, the Court has continually and successfully applied the Keck framework until today. However, in increment to the distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements, the rather elusive notion of market access and market access test has played a more and more prominent part in the academic discussion and in the Courts case law. Two recent cases Com mission v. Italy (trailers) and Mickelsson and Roos36 have given again cause to argue that the Court has put the focus back on a purely nondiscriminatory market access approach. I will now first analyze the notion of market access and then address the question of whether a market access test fulfills a separate function beside the distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements. I contend that the case law on market access can be traced back to the same principles that underlie the Keck-case law, being non-discrimination and mutual recognition, and that there is thus no need for a restriction test based on market access.References teddy 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Benot and Gustave Dassonville, 1974 ECR 837Case 33/74, J.H.M. Van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid, 1974 ECR 1299Case 74/76, Iannelli & Volpi resort hotel v. Ditta Paolo Meroni, 1977 ECR 557Case 279/80, Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb, 1981 ECR 3305Joined Cases 286/82 & 26/83, Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v. Ministero del Tesoro, 1984 ECR 377Case 188/84, Commission v. France (woodworking), 1986 ECR 419Case 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders and others v. The Netherlands State, 1988 ECR 2085Case C-145/88, Torfaen Borough Council v. B & Q plc, 1989 ECR 3851Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v.Commissariaat voor de Media, 1991 ECR I-4007Case C-76/90, Manfred Sger v. Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd, 1991 ECR I-4421Source document

he growth of New Social Movements is evidence of a post-industrial society

The aim of my investigation is to see whether the partitionicipation we now live in is the fragmented post-industrial society that is described by post-modern guessers and whether the growth of bleak sociable ordures is actu eachy evidence of this fragmentation. I rush elect to nurture this argona because of the low interest shown towards troupe politics at the 2001 General Election which had a turn come forth of just 59%. My first prey is to look into whether thither has been a so-called death of mob in proper(ip) to vote behaviour.Traditionally, the working chassis were seen to vote Labour and the middle section conservative this is often referred to as voting on soma al-Qaeda. Secondly, I am discharge to examine reasons for why there is disillusionment with the ability of the res publica to parcel out welf ar as I saw on some(a) brass statistics that the approx 74% of the wealth in the UK is owned by the richest 25% of the population. This means that the welfar gon is distri hardlyed unevenly with the wealthier being at an advantage, so therefrom 75% of the population of Britain has less than adequate welfare.Finally, my troika mark is to investigate the disillusionment of ideas offered by semipolitical parties because they seem to make promises and often not carry them out. I am likewise interested in this aim because when political parties offer lower taxes no matter who comes into power the taxes always seem to jump on every April. Context Post-modern sociologists generally see the society that we now live in as a fragmented post-modern society.Post-modernity as a whole entails a declining faith in party political system of rules because of the disillusionment of the ideas offered. A forefront questionnaire carried out by Michael Llangberg (2001) on a small scale at a university in America showed that out of every 10 wad he questi wholenessd 4 of them matte up that political parties offered ideas that were worded to sound a l ot better than they actually were. This conclusion links to my third objective of my rationale as I am investigating into this force field.My three objectives verbalize in my rationale are interrelated social developments, which are used by some as evidence of a post-industrial society, one where traditional crystallize struggle and political wall plugs no longer exist. For Hallsworth (1994) the term New Social Movement is one developed to refer to the wide and diverse spectrum of new, non-institutional political movements which emerged in Western Liberal republican societies during the 1960s and the 1970s.Some sociologists see New Social Movements (NSMs) as reflecting a move away from home-based politics, which mainly focussed around economic contends. NSMs encompass gay rights, animal rights, environmental issues and more they are seen to draw abet from individuals across class divisions. Paul Bagguley shows that a key difference between traditional (old) social movement s and NSMs is that NSMs are less interested in economic issues but more in a post-modernist sense of focusing on lifestyle and/or identity politics.This helps to link to the so-called death of class based voting discussed in my rationale because it shows how people are more interested in NSMs (a move away from class-based voting) which in turn is shown by the 59% turnout of the 2001 General Election. For those attracted to postmodernist ideas, NSMs are important as they show up the existence of a new type of society and a new type of politics where class divisions are no longer a central political issue around which debates may focus stated sociologist Ulrich Beck in his book Risk Society.This more evidence for my first objective in my rationale. Butler and Stokes (20th century) study into voting behaviour maintained that there was a strong relationship between occupational class and voting behaviour. When it was a two-party system, Butler and Stokes argued that about 4/5 of the m iddle-class electorate voted Conservative and 2/3 of the working classes voted for Labour. If you refer to my first objective in my rationale, you go away see that these results reflect it.They also argued that this partisanship was learnt through a process called political socialisation at an early age. Then, in the 1980s a political scientist, Ivor Crewe presented a number of studies of voting behaviour in Britain and argued that the partisan relationship between class and voting behaviour was breaking down. Crewe stopd that although still significant, class has declined considerably in importance and that voters had to be seen as acting rationally when voting rather than simply voting on class basis and political socialisation.Whereas other sociologists argue that, the apparent decline in class-based voting simply reflects changes in the class structure and a more complex political system. In my rationale, my first objective can be looked into thoroughly using this material. He ath et al, argue (from their study) that class-based support for the major parties has remained at a significant level since the 1960s, although there has been a slight decline in the relationship between class and voting.As there is more studies into my first objective from my rationale that all put on the result of yes or no to a decline in class-based voting behaviour I will have to ensure I conclude this for myself from my enquiry. Refer to my second objective in my rationale and you will see that when New Right thinkers Marsland and Murray argue that the welfare state has created a dependency culture and that the make up role for the state is simply to cheer the freedom of the market to enable it to function effectively.In this way, the state would not act in a biased way protecting the interests of one class, but would enable all to have the opportunity to tap their potential. According to Marsland and Murray, reducing the state to the minimum institutional framework nece ssary for this task would empower all citizens equally and thus the distribution of the welfare state would be equal. Methodology I have chosen to use a questionnaire for my investigation so that my look into will be representative of a wider group.For my research to be of sociological value, I hold to address the issue of the relationship between my daub research and the wider society. In order to do this I feel that using a quantative method of surveys and a proficiency of stratified sampling will work best. Practical and ethical issues also have their influence on research. Possible practical problems that may arise include time, money and access. Time should not be a problem for my questionnaire as it is on a relatively small scale and it is low cost so therefore money is not a problem either.Some social groups may not be willing to participate in my questionnaire because they may feel it is a biased questionnaire or for other reasons. The research participants that will par jam in my questionnaire are informed at the top of the sheet that it is confidential and that they do not have to answer any questions they do not want to because participants have a right for the research to be confidential and private. My questionnaire is not covert research therefore, I do not impoverishment to discuss this area.My sample will be a small-scale representation of the sampling frame ensuring that my research can be related nates to the survey population. The advantages of using a questionnaire include the hazard to fetch a large number of respondents in a short amount of time and the advantage of the respondent having time to consider the questions. This will help ensure that my answers are more accurate. My main concern is the possibility of a low response rate as I have decided to allow respondents to take the questionnaires away ensuring more confidentiality.Another concern is that the questions can not be explained to the respondent if they do no understan d what the question is asking to limit this, I am going to try and make my questions simple, well readable and explain my questions in brackets after that particular question. As questions can be either slack or closed I have decided to use a range of both. I will include a majority of closed questions to contact me comparative data while also including a few open questions so that the respondent feels they can explain their opinion on the issue.This will give me more of an insight to feelings about my outcome. An example of my questionnaire is show in appendage A. Looking at appendix A. 1, you can see the population of the UK in age and gender, from this I have worked out how many people I will need to survey to get address the issue of the relationship between my situation research and the wider society. I am not going to be using any of my population venerable 0-14years as I feel that they are not capable of understanding my questionnaire or for most of them read it.Theref ore, my final survey population total will be 39 males and 42 females with a grand total of 81. My table on appendix A. 1 shows you the ages and number of people to be surveyed for each age. reason As you can see (refer to appendix B answers to question 1) only 29. 62% of the population I surveyed felt that they were stand for by a certain political party. All of these people felt they were represented by one of the three main political parties and these same people felt they were strongly part of the social class they ticked.In addition, approx 90% of these people said they are more than likely going to vote at a General Election. This shows that even though there has been a decline in class-based voting, there has not been a so-called death of class in voting behaviour patterns. This finding from my research agrees with the study by Ivor Crewe (discussed in context) but on the other hand conflicts with the conclusions make by Heath et al (also discussed in context).The results from my questionnaire answers 3a showed a large number of respondents to be supportive of single issue politics whereas the answers to 3b showed that a considerable percentage of those respondents did not know who to go to deal with their single issue. Answers to questions 4 and 5 showed some strong support towards New Social Movements although the number was small, as discussed earlier many respondents did not know where to go with their single issue. The previous two findings from my research agree with Paul Bagguleys research, which was discussed in my context.The low percentage of people voting on class-basis and the higher percentage of people supporting New Social Movements agree with some sociologists when it is said that NSMs, which are mainly focused around economic issue such as gay rights, are also reflecting a move away from class-based politics. Therefore, I have considered my first objective discussed in my rationale and according to my small-scale study there has not been a death of class-based politics, just a decline. My second objective in my rationale should be answered by question 7b on my questionnaire.One answer by a 24year old female stated, The welfare of Britain is unfairly distributed by the government among the top social classes, it is unfair but I feel there is nothing I can do to change this as the government seem to show fair distribution but it is not that way at all. I feel this sums up the majority of the other answers I authoritative in this particular question which shows that there is a disillusionment with the state to distribute welfare.The majority of scaling for the Sectors discussed in 7. focused around the 6-8 areas, which shows there is a general feeling that the areas discussed although worryingly there are a range of scores with some people obviously being very unhappy with the sector and the way it has served them. If you refer back to my context to the study discussed by Marsland and Murray my findings contra dict this as it is stated that the correct role of the welfare state is to simply protect the freedom of the market to enable it to function properly. Obviously, some people are displeased with the welfare state as they scored sectors quite low indeed.Looking back at my third objective in my rationale, I cannot comment on findings as I have realised my questionnaire did not cater for any answers for evidence to this point. Evaluation and Conclusions From my evidence, I conclude that in the Huntingdon area where my research was carried out that there has been a decline in class-based voting but not a complete death of it. In order to link this to wider society I would have to carry out further research as discussed near the end of this section.Secondly, I deduce that there is disillusionment with the state to distribute welfare discussed in my evidence section. Although, I do not feel that I gained luxuriant instruction to make further conclusions on this particular objective of my investigation. To further my research I need to include some questions in my questionnaire that can answer and reflect my third objective discussed in my rationale. From the information I gathered, I could not make a fair conclusion or judgement on this objective.In order to gain a more accurate idea of the fragmentation of our society in this so-called post-industrial society where class-basis voting behaviour and political issues are no longer as important, it would be sensible to do some further research. Possible ways of furthering my research include recreating a questionnaire that would be suitable to a larger population and then to survey them to get an idea of the wider picture in societies other than Huntingdon area. I would like to continue research into the so-called death of class-based voting behaviour because my questionnaire was not accurate enough to say whether there has been or not.This is also a very popular topic but no one seems to have come through with a defi nite answer as many sociologists findings from research and studies is contradictory of each other. I could do this by holding interviews of certain people, analysing questionnaires and government statistics on electorate turn out at elections and the so-called social class definitions to try to understand what is occurrent in this post-industrial society as far as class-based voting behaviour is concerned.Overall I think my investigation was only valid for my first objective discussed in my rationale because I became to focused on this particular area and did not realise that my questionnaire did not really cater enough for my second and third objectives. Other than that I feel my response from my survey population was excellent as everyone I gave a questionnaire to returned it promptly for me to analyse and evaluate for my research. The respondents were all understanding and answered all questions necessary as I made it clear that it was completely confidential and that ethical i ssues and been evaluated.