Generic Conventions of Documentary

Generic Conventions of docudramaThe Purpose of this Essay is to explore the Generic Conventions of Documentary and Documentary vulnerabilityy, comparing the two and to explore how street delineationy has evolved since its introduction in the late 19th century. This moves primary purpose is to Examine How Street Photography came rough and how it has changed since it was revolutionised in the early twentieth Century, then it will explore and compare two photographers who forever changed the way that street photography is perceived, The secondary purpose of this essay will be to debate the school principal, unlike documental photography, which sets out to record historical events and everyday life, does street photography need a subject in the image in particular with Eugene Atget, who went around photographing various street boxfuls and shops in Paris without a person in the photo.First of all, hotshot must fill the question, exactly what is a photograph? In The Photograph, Graham Clarke Describes the word Photograph as Light Writing, he goes on to say that it also speaks as an underlying concern to control light and time and that the photograph not only signals a different relationship to and over nature, it speaks very much to a superstar of power in a way that we seek to construct the world around us Clarke, (1997, P11).In to the highest degree photographs its left up to the viewer on how they read and perceive a photograph, Graham Clark continues by saying The photograph has a multiple existence which informs its multiple meanings, its seeming simplicity of form and map belies an implicit problematic of sight and representation Clarke, (1997, P11) What Clarke is suggesting to the viewer is that photographs deal multiple layers of text conveyed within one image, Clarke wants the viewer to look closer and determine what the photograph means to each person individually and why its being represented in this way In relation to street photography this is the main question to be explored in the second part of this essay.So how does one read a photograph? A fork up is worth a thousand words, however how does one interpret them? Every time the viewer sees an image he or she has their own personal view of that image so it angle of dips to the photographer or artist to put their own messages/meanings behind their images and leave the interpretation open to the viewer, Photographic Art Generally falls into four main types of photographic genres, Landscape, Portraiture, Fine Art, and Documentary, each picture in each genre gives off a different emotional response In Particular Eugene Atget and Cartier Bressons Photographic styles would fall into the Landscape Documentary categories.So lets look at what these two categories are, in photography The Key Concepts, David Bate describes documentary photography as Telling a story with pictures, Documentary photography gave new life and social function, Documentary aimed to scan in an informal way the everyday lives of medium people, to different ordinary people - Bate, (2009, P45). This emerged as popular practise following the First World War, and began to develop through the 20th century, after the horrors of the First World War, more(prenominal) and more photographers went out and photographed everyday events happening to normal everyday people out in the streets, this social documentary work went on to dominate the early 20th century with people undertaking projects based on the after effects on war and how it changed the lives of everyday peoples lives forever, One such example would be the 1972 accidental napalm attack in the Vietnamese war, one of the most reproduced images of that time, Robert Haeberles People about to be shot which Clarke describes as An anonymous war machine raining shine napalm accidentally on innocent children but such a narrative cannot deflect us from the presence of intense agony Clarke (1997, P160) By looking at this photo the reader is invited to feel all the emotions these children went through, screams, cries and sorrow, but the photographer is trying to invite the reader to understand that although we can see visually how horrible the events were, that theres slide fastener more horrible than what the innocent subjects were going through, The Photographer Robert Haeberles statement himself guys were about to shoot these people I yelled hold it and shot my pictures, M16s opened up and from the corner of my eye I saw bodies falling but I did not turn to look Rovert Haeberle Clarke, (1997, P160).Next theres Landscape Photography, there are some different narratives that landscape photography could fall in to, but the main thing to think about with street photography in landscapes is what is the photographer attempting to show the reader in a landscape picture? Is it just the environment, the place, or is it perhaps a landscape being dominated by the presence of hu humanness in the photograph, In David Bates Photography, the key concepts, Bate goes on to say what this means is that whatever is seen is always coded via the picture. Therefore HOW the material is seen in the picture, the way it is pictured, is as particular as what is shown Bate, (2009, P90) the photographer is encouraging the reader to think of the bigger picture of what the landscape photograph represents, Roger Fenton, one of the early Pioneers in photography was one of the rootage to make the reader question and think about what they were viewing, his approach was to places that had been established as tourist areas, places that people already had a view on, places of great cup of tea and social harmony In his approach to landscape Fenton both reflects a highly specific cultural vocabulary based on literature and painting, this virtuoso of the photographer as privileged tourist is underscored by the way Fenton often photographed tourist areas which had already been depicted in painting and literature his images reflect the loose assumptions of a class of people who looked upon landscape scenery in aesthetic and philosophical terms (Clarke, 1997, P56). The photograph often gives off a hint of a unified Britain, but Fenton, a war photographer, is trying the challenge the readers views and make you see the bigger picture, look beyond the picture and think of problems that may have been going on around that area at the time.This brings the essay on to Part two, firstly unlike Documentary Photography, does Street Photography need a person in the photo? As mentioned earlier in the essay this is left very open to the viewer to make their mind up, Eugene Atget didnt think it did, Eugene Atget was one of the main pioneers in 20th century street photography, and most of his work was done on the streets of Paris, his photos that do have people are very surreal, oppugn our perception of what is dream and what is reality, looking at one of Atgets pieces of work, A Corner, rue de seine, A s quoted by Clive Scott in Street Photography, From Atget to Cartier Bresson Perhaps the most celebrated photograph of this street is the one that Atget took on an early May morning in 1924, a photo of a wedge shaped make at the corner of the rue de seine, The oblique view shown here emphasizes the rapid foreshadowing created by the wide angle lens, the distortion produced by the lens also gives the building a marked precariousness, is this tilting to the right a consequence of intoxication or old age? The building has open eyes, only on the third and fourth floors at the near end, everywhere else in the building is sealed in somnolence or death -(Scott, 2007, P178/P180) The Photograph is a very surreal image which is challenging the reader to try decode its many layers, The viewer sees it as an image with a roofy of gothic potential, the mist adds to this effect, and the building is shown to be in disrepair, so although the image is shown without subjects, theres a much deeper hi dden meaning, a very dark and dreary meaning that could perhaps signal a change in cultures, the building is old, very pre-World War One, perhaps this image also trying to indicate a struggle to adapt to the new world after war, also although most of the text in image is left blurred or too small to read, we can clearly read the words petit bouif which is actually a enclothe repair shop, which Atget is also well known for photographing, we also see the pictures of what we assume are lost family pets, again we can relate this back to the time, 6 years after the world war ended what exactly has Paris become.Moving on to Cartier Bresson, much of his work is not actually considered documentary photographer, he was a revolutionary photographer who couldnt really be placed into any single genre, he did almost every type of photography you could do, but although he wasnt a documentary photographer, one of his most well-known images that Im going to look at is, the photo was taken outside the train station saint lazar, although colour tv camera did not exist at this time Bresson noticed the rain in the foreground, and the beautiful mist like feature blocking the houses in the background, and by bechance he saw a man jumping over the picture which he then snapped on his black and white camera, we can see from the picture that the man was caught in mid motion, the blur that has appeared from the mans speed but also the contrast makes the picture stand out more, so we have to ask the question, had the man not been there jumping over the ladder when Bresson snapped him, would this have become arguably Bressons most well-known photograph? Although there is still a lot going on in the picture, such as the ladder and rubble in front of it, the railowsky sign clearly visible in the midground, and even the other person visible near the background, at least in this case although Bresson may not have been a documentary photographer, this picture is a documentary photographRe ference ListScott, Clive. Street Photography. London I.B. Tauris, 2007. Print.Bate, D. (2009). Photography. Oxford Berg.Clarke, G. (1997). The photograph. Oxford Oxford University Press.

Harmful Effects of Embalming Fluid

Harmful Effects of Embalming FluidBoth formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde based embalming firmnesss atomic number 18 widely utilise in preserving dead bodies and in pathology, forensic medicine and museums. Phenoxyethanol may be an alternative to them. Each of them has its merits and demerits but none of them is tot all toldy non-toxic. This review is about various doable adverse set up of these embalmbing solutions.Key words Embalming solutions, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde and Phenoxyethanol.IntroductionAfter death human carcass starts putrefaction, to prevent this process embalming is required. By this process dead body retains its morphological characteristics for a giganticer time period. Later on this preserved body is used in medical institutes for the study of anatomy by students. Anatomy is the backbone in medical curriculum in which students learn the external and internal structures of human body in detail. Moreover embalming procedure preempt overly be used to ke ep dead bodies intact during transportation. Besides this, embalming solution is essential constituent in preservation of parts in pathology, forensic medicine and museums. These solutions contain do of chemicals mixed in appropriate ratio for their specific purposes. Important constituents are preservatives, buffers, anticoagulants, germicides, fungicides, perfuming agents, hygroscopic agents, dyes, etc.An ideal embalming solution should neither alter the natural structures including food color of the specimen, nor become any type of adverse assembles in form of topical or systemic. It should besides prevent growth of insects and maggots and the putrefaction process. All these characteristics are usually not found in the routinely used embalming solutions. Therefore it becomes an important issue to educate the persons regarding the possible damages produced by the embalming solutions. This review condition has been written with intention to give the information regarding comp onents used in the embalming solutions their advantages and disadvantages.Important chemicals like formaldehyde, glutarldehyde, methyl alcohol, phenol, glycerine, oil of winter green, eosine solution, phenoxy ethanol are used to puzzle the embalming solutions. Depending upon the concentration of individual chemical these solutions have been grouped in to three types (a)Formaldehyde based embalming solution, (b) Glutaraldehyde based embalming solution and (c) Phenoxyethanol based embalming solution.FormaldehydeFormaldehyde (HCHO) is most usually used chemical for embalming purposes. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a difficult, suffocating odor. It is often mixed with alcohol to make liquid called formalin. The largest source of formaldehyde is the chemical manufacturing industry. Formaldehyde is found in cigarette smoke and in addition bath get on be formed in the environment during the burning of fuels or household waste. Very small amount of formaldehyde is found natural ly in the human body. Formaldehyde is a popular chemical because of its low cost and pottyister be used for many purposes like making furniture, wall paneling, etc. Formaldehyde also can be used as germicide and preservative. It is also found in items such as dyes, textiles, plastics, paper products, fertilizer, and cosmetics. Formaldehyde solutions are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. Formaldehyde-based solutions are also used in embalming to make clean and temporarily preserve human and animal remains. The concentration of formaldehyde is usually expressed in terms of parts per million (1 ppm = 1.248 mg/cu.m.). This is prepared by mixing the commercially available formalin solution with tap water in the proportion of 31 1. The use of formaldehyde in preserving the tissues, organs, and body parts is real common. Technicians in histology laboratory, students in anatomy classes, are exposed to this solution. Formaldehyde has been known to produce allergic reaction , contact dermatitis, eczema, irritation and inflammation to mucus membranes, and if ingested can produce systemic toxicity which can be fatal. This also has tendency to produce mutations and development of malignancy. Permissible limits of occupational motion-picture show to formaldehyde are 3 ppm in a time weight average breathing zone during an 8-hour period, a ceiling concentration of 5 ppm and an acceptable maximum peak of 10 ppm for no longer than 30 minutes during a one day shift. To reduce the toxic potential of formalin it needs to be buffered by increment of a small quantity of Sodium tetraborate to get a slightly alkaline solution with a pH of 7.2. This buffered formalin needs to be new prepared just before preparing the embalming fluid. These chemicals are mixed to make an embalming fluid.Occupational ikon to formaldehyde by inlet is mainly from three types of sources thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins, formaldehyde emission from aqueous solutions (for example, embalming fluids), and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases) 2. Once absorbed, formaldehyde is in truth quickly broken down. Almost every tissue in the body has the ability to break down formaldehyde. It is usually converted to a non-toxic chemical called formate, which is excreted in the urine and is converted to carbon dioxide and breathed out of the body. But formaldehyde can be toxic, allergenic, and carcinogenic 3. Acute exposure of formalin adversely affects pulmonic system. It may decrease vital capacity much more as compared to other pulmonary parameters. This may be attributed to bronchoconstriction produced by formalin 4. Experimental studies have shown that exposure of formaldehyde may damage liver. This destruction is directly proportional to the length of exposure of formaldehyde. Few clinical studies have also shown the damaging effect of formaldehyde on liver of human beings. The hepatic damage occurs in form of congestion of hepatic parenchyma and elevation of hepatic enzymes 5-7. Neurological toxicities after exposure to formaldehyde in human beings are manifested in form of fatigue, headache, myalgia etc. If toxicity is repayable to formaldehyde ingestion, person may have acquittance of memory, seizures, altered behavior, altered consciousness and in severe cases coma. Animal exposure of formaldehyde has shown brain damage in form of altered neurotransmission. The main neurotransmitter changes are increased serotonin and dopamine metabolites in hypothalamus 8, 9. Hematopoietic system is not much affected by the formaldehyde exposure. However intravascular coagulopathy, alteration of red cubicle count and hemoglobin concentration has been reported in some studies 8. Gastrointestinal tract is not much affected when exposure is through inhalation. However, when ingested it may adversely affect the GIT. If toxic dose of formaldehyde i s ingested it produces inflammatory lesions of orophyarnx, soft palate, pharaynx, epiglottis, esophagous, stomach. These lesions are due to contact irritant and corrosive nature of formaldehyde. The lesion may be in form of ulcerations and necrosis. Clinically this toxicity manifests in form of abdominal cramps, vomiting, haematemasis, malena, altered gut motility etc. Chronic ingestion of formaldehyde may also give rise to gastric and esophageal malignancies 8-10. Though renal system is not a major target of formaldehyde metabolism, however risk of renal failure and anuria is there in persons acutely exposed to the formaldehyde. The animal experiments have shown that formaldehyde can produce renal papillary necrosis, polyuria, increased countercurrent nitrogen 9. Formaldehyde is a skin irritant and dermal sensitization agent. Contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, erythema, epidermal hyperplasia have been shown to occur due to chronic exposure of formaldehyde in animals as well as in human beings 11. Air born formaldehyde exposure most frequently produces eye irritation. internal secretion system and reproductive organs are minimally affected 12.Formaldehyde may have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Out of all crab louses nasopharyngeal cancer has been well established to have association with formaldehyde exposure. Fortunately formaldehyde has not been correlated with teratogenic potential 13-15.To reduce the risk of damage due to formaldehyde, certain measures can be adopted. Replacing the formaldehyde with less hazardous chemical, reducing the concentration of formaldehyde in the solution, proper storage of product, closing the stupor when not used, disposal of exposed clothes are some of them. Facility of fume hood just at the site of embalming, wearing personal contraceptive equipments like face mask, safety goggles, self contained breathing apparatus, gloves, water proof smock, head gear etc further reduces the chances of exposure. Careful m onitoring of lung function tests, chest x-ray, allergy testing, and examination of eyes time to time should be adopted. Other important work practices recommended are labeling the container, educating employee regarding the possible adverse set up, monitoring the air concentration of the room, avoiding eating and smoking at work place. Formaldehyde is inflammable and precautions to prevent fire should be taken. Any spill should be immediately informed. If spill occurs evacuate the room and reach to the safe place, eliminate all ignition points, spread the dry sand over the chemical, ventilate area. If contact has occurred the person should wash skin, eyes, remove polluted clothing and should be treated as an emergency 16.GlutaraldehydeGlutaraldehyde an aliphatic dialdehyde is a colorless liquid with pungent smell. It is one of the best biocide agents for disinfection and sterilization at hospitals. This is very widely used in medical, scientific, and industrial application. As fix ator in histochemistry and microscopy, tanning agent and as ingredients in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals are some of the important uses of gluteraldehyde pharmaceuticals 17, 18. Radiologists use gluteraldehyde as hardener in x-ray developing solution 19. Though considered a relatively safe, it possesses irritating and corrosive properties. The strength of gluteraldehyde may vary from 1 to 50% 20. This versatile concentration exposure may give rise multiple unexpected toxic effects. In general due to its corrosive and irritant effects it produces throat irritation, nasal bleeding, burning eyes, precipitation of asthma and sneezing 21. Due to its tanning effect it also discolors the hands of handling persons. Large acute dose can precipitate severe headache, vomiting, and altered consciousness. The persons commonly exposed to glutaraldehyde are staff workers involved in sterilization of endoscopes, dialyzing machine, research workers, and x-ray film developers. Glutaraldehyde exhibit s superior properties to formaldehyde in relation to the retrogression, disinfection and sterilization. It is more effective in less concentration and in less time exposure as compared to formaldehyde. Regarding the embalming properties, glutaraldeyde is belatedly diffusing, but develops rapid irreversible reactions with the body proteins. This is in contrast to the formaldehyde which is fast diffuser, but produces reversible reactions with proteins. This characteristic of glutaraldehyde favors its use as embalming solution. Only disadvantage of glutaraldehyde as embalming solution is the slow tissue perfusion resulting in port of signs of embalmation very late. Hardening and stiffening of body occurs after long duration. So the body has life like appearance for a longer time. Another advantage of glutaraldehyde is that reactions are less affected by pH alterations and it reacts even at the higher pH where formaldehyde becomes inactive. Because of slow diffusion and perfusion rat e glutaraldehyde reacts less with blood and blood perfused tissues. This leads to minimum coagulation and more clearing of blood from tissues. This persevered tissue becomes clearer in appearance. However, if glutaraldehyde solution is kept for long time yellowish tanning and darkening of tissues occur.Regarding the toxic potential of glutaraldehyde, it is relatively safe but numbers of animal studies have indicated that oral ingestion can produce gastrointestinal damage, alteration of behavior, precipitation of seizures. Local external contact has tendency to produce contact dermatitis, brown discoloration of skin, exfoliation of skin, conjunctivitis. Vapor inhalation of glutaraldehyde may precipitate bronchospasm, nasal discharge, excessive lacrimation, salivation, and dyspnoea 22. Another drawback of glutaraldehyde is that it may produce photosensitivity to the ultra-violet rays. This may be responsible for the erythematous lesions after solarize exposure. There is no proven ris k of glutaraldehyde as genotoxic and mutagenic agent but most of the studies are based on animals. Therefore chances of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity cannot be excluded in humans. The persons exposed to glutaraldehyde for long duration should undergo through regular medical checkups. The teratogenic potential has not been reported in animal studies but if possible the exposure of glutaraldehyde should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation 23.PhenoxyethanolPhenoxyethonol also known as phenoxytol or phenoxyethyl alcohol is a colorless or light yellow, viscos liquid. This is a strong oxidizing agent. It is incompatible with acidic solutions and also has combustible property. Phenoxyethanol is a modern antimicrobial preservative. Presently this is used as common preservative in diphtheria, tetanus, and pertusis vaccine. This inactivates both bacterial and fungal growth. Other use of phenoxyethanol is as preservative of cosmetic materials. Due to its ability to inhi bit phagocyte activity it is supposed to be toxic to all cells. Moreover it can alter the immunity of the exposed persons.As for the other alternative chemicals in place of formaldehyde, Frolich et al in 1984 tried using phenoxyethanol as its non-toxic substitute. It proved to be impractical as the amount required was large, i.e., about 600 litres for each cadaver needing continuous emersion to prevent mould formation and the fixation process taking 5 to 10 months 24. Various adverse effects by Phenoxyethanol can be central nervous depression, nausea, vomiting, sometimes diarrhea, prominent headache, afterwards abdominal lumbar pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, transient polyuria then oliguria, progressing to anuria, acute renal failure, less critical pathological lesions may appear in brain, lungs, liver, meninges look25.Other components which are used in embalming solution are methyl alcohol, carbolic acid, sodium tetraborate, glycerine, eucalyptus oil, and eosine. Meth yl alcohol helps in precipitation of proteins and reducing contamination. This also helps in dispersion of formaldehyde into the body tissues. Carbolic acid helps by its germicidal and fungicidal actions. Sodium tetraborate is used as buffer agent and stabilizing agent. eucalyptus tree oil acts as perfume and eosine helps in giving the reddish color to the tissues.ConclusionConsidering all the characters of chemicals used in embalming solution one can jar against that it is impractical to find out non toxic embalming solution. The person involved in process of embalming as well as students should be taught regarding the possible hazardous effects and methods to minimize. The place should be well equipped for handling of any emergency condition. Each one involved should be taught regarding the procedures of basic life backup mans. If any untoward incidence happens the person should be stabilized by basic life support followed by shifting to the place equipped with advance life su pport system.

The Daily Problems Of Foreign Language Learners English Language Essay

The Daily Problems Of Foreign style Learners English Language EssayLanguage learning is a very complex process and foreign language learners face great number of problems daily, while they try different strategies and educational tools to suppress the foreign language in the best possible vogue. One of the areas which seems start made trouble for language learners is the prosaic competence which has also drawn assist of those who are interested in language teaching to itself. Pragmatic competence . . . is understood as the knowledge of the linguistic resources available in a given language for realising particular illocutions, knowledge of the sequential aspects of speech shams, and finally, knowledge of the appropriate contextual use of the particular languages linguistic resources (Anne Barron, 2003 10). Pragmatic rules are essential for a victorious interaction with another(prenominal) tidy sum for language learners and they should learn them the right way, otherwise i t will top off to misunderstanding or total failure of conveying and receiving the subject matter and the speaker will unintentionally be considered as rude or insensitive soul. The look for that here trusts to be reviewed wants to find what are differences between form of refusal strategies of EFL learners in situations that deals with pragmatic competence ( every last(predicate)ami Naeimi, 2009). The Researchers found that cultural factors play great role in learners conceptualization and verbalization of the speech acts, even though the learners may have access to wide range of speech acts and realization strategies as indwelling speakers do as well.Research QuestionsThree questions which were posed in the research are as follow (Allami Naeimi, 2009)1. What are the most common semantic formulas used by Iranian learners at different prociency levels with regard to the contextual variables of the lieu of interlocutors (higher, equal, or lower) and the eliciting acts (req uests, invitations, offers, and suggestions)?2. What are the areas of difference between Iranian EFL learners and Ameri lot speakers with regard to the strategies employed to make refusals?3. If Iranian EFL learners refusals are different from those of the American primeval speakers, does the L2 prociency of the Iranian learners affect their possible pragmatic transfer or not?Theoretical frameworkDifferent studies have tried to show that if learners want to give appropriate speech act to a given speech event pragmatic competence has a major role in it. Fraser dened pragmatic competence as the knowledge of how an addressee determines what a speaker is saying and recognizes intended illocutionary force conveyed through subtle attitudes in the speakers utterance (Allami Naeimi, 2009 2). Rintell is one of scholar who has worked deeper than the other scholars in field of speech acts and he believes that L2 learners utterances for close to specific communications purposes are because o f their pragmatic ability (2009 2). In addition, L2 learners should have enough knowledge of L2 sociocultural limitations so that they would have acceptable pragmatic level. According to Wolfson choosing appropriate pragmatic strategies is crucial for speech act ability (2009 2). Moreover, social class and culture have effect on choosing those strategies. The main theory which Allami and Naeimi have tried to focused on is that the different cultures and languages make different pragmatic competence in the minds of plurality and there is a good chance that learners L1 interfere with learners L2 pragmatic competence, even though their command of L2 can be very good.Methodology of Research at that place are tierce questions which were posed by researchers and they were mentioned earlier (Allami Naeimi, 2009 2). Researchers used experimental research method in which independent variables were learners language proficiency (lower-intermediate, intermediate and upper-intermediate) sha pe of interlocutors (lower, equal and higher) and types of eliciting acts (requests, invitations, offer and suggestions) and the dependent measures were the realization of the strategies. The researchers chose 30 participants which their native language is Iranian and all of them were undergraduate males, within the age range of 16 and 29. The information used in the research was collected through a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT) which was in the form of a questionnaire presented some indwelling situations to which the respondents were expected to respond when making refusals. The reason why 30 participants were chose was that it has been claimed that in using the DCT for interlanguage speech act studies, questionnaires with 30 subjects will serve as an appropriate guide (2009 5). The participants were divided into three different groups of 10 upper-intermediate, 10 intermediate and 10 lower-intermediate students at a Language Institute in Yazd. In order to have a pertine nt cross-linguistic examination of the speech act of refusal responses to the corresponding DCT conducted by another American researcher were also analyzed. at that place were 37 Americans responses to the same DCT which was conducted by Kwon (2009 5). The American participants in the research were between 18 and 22 years of age and they were all students from Boston. The DCT consisted of three requests, three invitations and three asks a favor of the other person. In each situation type were supposed to refuse a person of higher status, one to a person of equal status, and one to a person of lower status. There were a second group of participants who were asked to answer DCT which was translated into Persian and the purpose of designing this DCT was to compare semantic formulas used by Persian native speakers with those of the EFL learners. DCT was given to learners and they were asked not to think about the given situations thoroughly and they are just supposed to respond quickl y. All of the respondents returned their papers within 20-30 minutes and the researcher were there all the time while the subjects were writing the answers. The Reponses were compared in terms of language forms with the 31 native speakers responses in Persian, and with 37 native speakers responses in English. Researchers in order to be analytically sincere analyzed components of each speech act present in the responses the produced refusals were parsed into strategies (2009 6).selective information AnalysisTaxonomy of refusal developed by Beebe was the basis of coding all data in the research. Units used in analysis were semantic formulas. According to Cohen definition of semantic formula is a word, phrase, or sentence that meets a particular semantic criterion or strategy any one or more of these can be used to perform the act in questions (Allami Naeimi, 2009 6). Through this study new categories of semantic formulas were identified. Number of strategies in each refusal indicate d complexity of speech act of refusal. The average number of semantic formulas used by the American respondents, Iranian Persian speakers and EFL learners were 4.00, 3.10 and 3.30 respectively. Regarding numbers which were gained it was shown that Americans use more semantic formulas, but variety of Iranians strategies were significantly more. Analyzing each of the semantic formulas in detail is a big task so researchers focused on similarities and differences among three groups of American native speakers, Iranian EFL learners and Persian native speakers answering the translated DCT. Another factor which was taken into consideration was the shift of frequencies of semantic formulas regarding the status of interlocutors. For higher status a boss, lower status an employee, a salesman, a student and a cleaning lady and for equal status a classmate and a friend were used.ArgumentsOne of the things that researchers of this article are looking for is whether L1 might influence the L2 o r not (Allami Naeimi, 2009 15). Majority of EFL learners cannot have interaction with native speakers therefore they do not have good knowledge of semantic formulas or the way they should be used in different situations. Linguistic and cultural differences affect the way language is used by the language learners because the way people provide a speech act regarding a speech event is culture bound. Iranian learners are more sensitive about the status level of interlocutor and used different strategies, whereas Americans used a same pattern regardless of the status level. In other words, Iranians are more touch on with the face saving act rather than Americans. Americans are more specific and clear in their responses rather than Iranians. The researchers work result was along with positive coefficient of correlation hypothesis which was suggested by Takahashi and Beebe, in which language proficiency has effect on pragmatic transfer (2009 16).Article ResultsSome of interesting findi ngs in the research were as followIranian English learners were depending on their native culture-specific refusal strategies was the direct refusalAmericans subjects were more concrete and specific when it came to refusing a high status person in parity with Iranian participants in the study.The main goal of doing this research among Iranian EFL learners was because of lack attention to sociocultural and sociolinguistic factors. If EFL learners are not aware these factors it will lead to their misunderstanding of the concept in real-life situations when they are communicating with native speakers. The outcomes of this research supported that there is great difference between using speech acts in different cultures and languages. Teachers of second language should increase students knowledge level of target language pragmatic competence and how they should deal with different speech events in puritanical way.ConclusionThe researchers have tried to go deep and find why EFL learners do not interact in the same way as native speakers do particularly when it comes to speech acts which in this research refusal was the case. One of good points about this research is that in the procedure of it researchers tried to be as honest as possible by considering all the aspects in their data analysis. Another good point about this research was previous studies which were done in the same field by different researchers, therefore the researchers made a laid a good background and comparison in their task. However, there are some downsides in this research as well. One of the shortcomings in the research is lack elaboration for status of a person in the cultures of Iran and America. According to Foley understanding of what potpourri of person they are vis--vis the other interlocutor is embodied in their habitus. To the extent they rate of higher rank, the habitus will enact that proper demeanor in bodily and linguistic practices (Foley, 1997 260). If someone does not know exact definition of person within a culture and society then certainly he or she will not interact properly in that culture or society the person is a social concept made up of local notions of the ones rights and obligations, and hence varies crossculturally (Foley, 1997 263).Another problem was choosing only males as participant in this research. Woods believed that gender has a great role in conversations especially at work place the gender was the most significant factor determining speech behavior, more important than status. With respect to patterns of interruption, higher status people were more likely to interrupt successfully than lower status conversational partners, but men of lower status were still usually successful in interrupting a higher status female speaker (Foley, 1997 294).

Alzheimer’s Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers DiseaseAlzheimers disease is a progressive contour where the neurons degenerate in the brilliance, while the brain substance shrinks in volume. Alzheimers is also the number one cause of dementia. When it was first noticed, Alzheimers was thought to be a pre-senile disease, but now it is known to be responsible for seventy-five percent of the dementia cases in people over sixty-five years of age. Alzheimers disease usually causes several years of personal and intellectual dec tie until death. Because in that location is an increasing number of elderly citizens in the United States, research into the causes and attainable cures for the disease is on the rise (1). Several theories have been made concerning factors that may cause the condition however, the cause remains unknown. Some suggest that it may be caused by some type of chronic infection or from exposure to a metal that may be toxic, such as aluminum (1). This line of belief originated from high levels of aluminu m deposits being found in Alzheimers brain lesions (2). It is also known that people with Alzheimers have reduced levels of brain chemicals, such as acetylcholine (1). Additionally, people with Downs Syndrome are more likely to acquire this dementia, with about fifteen percent of Alzheimers patients showing a family history of this disease. This leads many scientists to believe that there is a genetic link to the disease. When twins have been studied, a high agreement rate has been found for the disease. Furthermore, there is sometimes a very dominant pattern of inheritance of this disease, where a person has a fifty percent chance of acquiring it if either rise up has Alzheimers (autosomal dominant transmission) (1,2). It is rare to acquire Alzhei... ...al and family study of 22 twin pairs. Neurology, 1987, 37, 359-3B3. 4. Thomas, C. L. Alzheimers Disease. Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 15th ea., 1985, 61. 5. Murray, R. K., Cranner, D. K., Hayes, P. A. and Rodwell, V. W. D eposition of Amyloid Beta Protein is concern in the Causation of Alzheimers Disease. Harpers Biochemistry, 23rd ed., 1993, 750-752. 6. Miyakskawa, T., Katsuragi, S., Watanabe, K., Shimoji, A. and Ikouchi, Y. Ultrastructure Studies of Amyloid Fibrils and Senile Plaques in the Human Brain,1986,70 202-208. 7. Frazier, S. H. American Psychiatry Glossary, 5th. ed., 1988, 11 50 153. 8. Cohen, C. D. effective Information on Alzheimers Disease. Department of Health and Human Services, 1990, 5-7. 9. Rosenberg, R. N. A Causal Role for Amyloid in Alzheimers Disease The end of the beginning. Neurology, 1993, 43851-854.

William Shakespeare and His Works Essay -- William Shakespeare biograp

William Shakespeare, the figure to whom the most influential works of literature in history are credited, was born in April of 1564 (the exact date is approximated as April 23rd, also the date given as his death fifty-two years later) in Stratford, England to John and Mary Shakespeare. He grew up in relatively middle-class surroundings, attending grammar school and studying Latin, logic, and literature, from which he graduated to marry a muliebrity by the name of Anne Hathaway. With Hathaway he had three children, two girls and a son, and as a playwright and poet, Shakespeare went on to enjoy moderate success in his time, opus thirty-seven (known) plays and several works of poetry. Of course his plays would be well underappreciated during his time (as with all great artists), but later, such titles as King Lear, Twelfth Night, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth would simply begin a list of some of the most appraised scripts ever written (Armstrong, 1-5). While these pl ays carry the weight of Shakespeares legacy, he was also a consecrated poet. During the years of the black plague in the late 16th century, theaters were closed from 1592 until 1594, and Shakespeare spent his time writing lengthy poetry, including Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucree, and go along work on his sonnets, a volume of poems which he wrote over a span of about a decade. This book of sonnets has raised some of the most fascinate questions in all of literature, as their vagueness and mysterious allusions have puzzled critics for centuries, who attempt to use them to piece together parts of Shakespeares life, of which relatively little is known. unrivaled of the most frequently investigated questions is that of Shakespeares sexuality the so... ...ne or the other, some fascinating truth about the author himself, as though he intended to submit it there. After all, when one gives the book of sonnets to a neckd one as a traditional gift, does one bare in mind that the sonnets praising love and beauty are more than likely written to a man, while those written to a woman are of darkness and remorse? Certainly, at to the lowest degree hopefully, not. Whatever the case may be, the sonnets were written from the heart, with an honest pen and a true heart, something that back tooth be appreciated by any generation. It has been said that Shakespeare can be seen as nothing less than the inventor of the human, (Keevak, 68).What Shakespeare did intend to leave us with was something beautiful that can be appreciated in whatever consideration we may chose to present it, so long as the humanity that these works contain is preserved.

Irving Kristols Pornograpy, Obscenity, and hte Case for Censorship Ess

Irving Kristols Pornograpy, Obscenity, and hte Case for CensorshipAfter reading Irving Kristols essay called Pornography, Obscenity, and the Case for Censorship, we found positive and prejudicial examples concluding his research. Kristol makes major(ip) claims throughout the course of his essay. A few examples of these major claims are in paragraphs 7-9 when he uses a story about an old small-arm in a hospital ward, dying an agonizing death. The old man loses control of his bowels, and they empty themselves on him. Kristol states that this is a private moment that should be kept private. Kristol asks the reader to think about this sad scenario and what it would be desire to see this on television. Kristol relates the claim to sex, saying that it is a private moment and shouldnt be viewed by the public. He says viewers wouldnt want to watch the old man losing his bodily fluids on himself because its a personal matter and it sightly needs to stay private and unseen by the pu blic. In paragraph 8, Kristol again rebuts his major claim when he relates humans to sensuals. He claims sex is like death, it is found both within humans and animals. As Kristol (1971) says, When sex is a public spectacle, a human relationship has been debased into a mere animal connection. In paragraph 11 Kristol makes a major shift change from his claims in the previous paragraphs. The placement of this paragraph was poorly chosen because it steps outside of Kristols main lineage, which states that humans and animals are the same. In paragraphs 5 and 7, Kristol uses the rebuttal method, which means to repeat the same point in different words. In paragraph five Kristol dialog about public nudity and how it is so improper to have in our soci... ...ure condition has not improved as a result of the new freedom. Kristol destines his major claims to the reader and makes a connection through rebuttal that gives his essay meaning. Kristol also uses very dramatic statements, which help his argument claims. Despite having these major claims he fails to show support to the reader that his facts are true. He has no hard-core evidence that supports his research. Even further he fails to connect with the opposing side about his argument about pornography, obscenity, and the case for censorship. ReferencesFaigley, L.& Selzer, J. (2000). Good reasons with contemporary arguments. Boston Allyn & Bacon. Kristol, I. (1971). Pornography, obscenity, and the case for censorship. In L. Faigley & J. Selzer (Eds.), Good reasons with contemporary arguments. (pp. 535-538). Boston Allyn & Bacon.

On The Beach At Night Alone By Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

In On the Beach at Night Alone, Walt Whitman develops the idea that everyone has a connection with everything else, including nature. Whitman uses a variety of composing techniques to get his point across. First, the repetition and parallel structure that his poems contain reinforce the connection between everything in nature. The usage of any 11 times emphasizes the comprehension of everything in the universe. The sentence structure remains the same throughout the poem, without any drastic change however, the length of the lines in the poem vary. In addition, Whitmans frenzy with his backchats further illustrates his idea of the Over-Soul. For example, A vast similitude interlocks all (4) shows his verbose nature. Whitman does not do directly to the point, but gives every little detail. approximately importantly, Whitmans use of catalogues stands as the most recognizable Whitman characteristic that illustrates his beliefs. These long lists that he uses set the mood of the poe m. All spheres, grown, ungrown, small, large, suns, moons, planets, (5) shows the idea that everything is connected in nature. Similarly, All nations, colors, barbarisms, civilizations languages. (10) furthermore emphasize Whitmans belief in the Over-Soul.Although Whitman uses a great deal of structural ways to stress his ideas, he also uses many some other ways of delivering his ideas. First of all, Whitman portrays himself as a public spokesman of the masses. The tone of the poem is a very loud, informative tone that grabs ones attention. The emphasis placed on the word all adds to the characterization of Whitman as a powerful speaker. Furthermore, Whitman takes part in his own poem. Participating in his own poem, Whitman moreover illustrates the connection between everything in life. Lastly, Whitman, most of all, celebrates universal brotherhood and democracy.