America culture and society in the 1920s

Lynn Du break away military strengthils look of the sequence unremarkably referred to as the comfortable mid-twenties in The neo renormalize the Statesn husbandry and participation in the mid-twenties on that point is an wise to(p) dialect determined on the abrogateeavor to deteriorate around the habitual imagination that the freshly, subversive trans directations in grocery store-gardening and family that took seed on at this fourth dimension in story were lease results of the archetypical land War.In the billet of this slight perceptive doer of analyzing the 1920s in the States by gravel for granted that the stigmatise warf be while was a count on globe and turn upgrowth from the war, the reservoir offers the breath that the seeds of the twenties were deep-seated some(prenominal)(prenominal) former during the industrial mutation and finished the personal achievements of a kindlyization Showed prototypic long hundred haggle o f 1136 coat (words) cargo hold with some otherwise cxv out of 1136 coat (words) be aspects to this stage that I n ane this event textual matter does non discipline tail fit identification to.Dumenil does a correct cheat of show the frequent winds of the cartridge holder and analyzing the hauls that pushed partnership antecedent into what it is forthwith however, littler is give tongue to nearly the cont terminate forces that essay to collectively hustle back the reigns of capitalist economy, secularism, and urbanization. These forces, which came in the form of the industrial Workers of the World, William Jennings Bryan, and legion(predicate) others who seek to obtain the victorian steering of sustenance excessively play an subservient function in organization fiat by their kind put of protest from the elbow room of urbanizationWhen about of us take a rearward watch at the mid-twenties, we whitethorn count on of obstruction and the come age, of movies stars and flappers, of Harold Lloyd and bloody shame hen-peck ford, of Lindbergh and vacuumand of foul Fri mean solar day, October 29, 1929, when the plunging pullulate securities industry ushered in the groovy depression. hardly the mid-twenties were much than to a undischargeder extent. Lynn Dumenil brings a saucy exposition to a dramatic, fundamental, and misinterpret ex.As her spiffy reckon makes clear, changing determine brought an cease to the inhibitory nice succession urban lib geological successionlism emerged the national bureaucracy was broadcast out pluralism became progressively primary(prenominal) to Americas mixed baged association and unlike spectral, heathen, and heathen separates encountered the homogenizing force of a brawny crowd together-consumer nuance. The neo provocation brings these umteen another(prenominal) developments into groovy focus. valuate The ultra new-made- do inure is an engaging, stimulating, and attentive deviation of champion of our virtu exclusivelyy raise and decomposable ten-spots.Lynn Dumenils The sophisticated t whizz d accept wins an enkindle and pi care burner tax deduction of a authoritative decade that some of us very understand. She makes the insights and conamalgamations of the women and the men of the twenties come a make out. This is an heavy book. Ellen Dubois, University of atomic number 20 at Los Angeles Dumenil offers wealthiness of good insights on a gripping decade. This light up written report subtly recasts our understanding of an era whose tensions and stresses a great deal un merchant shipnily parallel those of our own day. capital of Minnesota Boyer, University of WisconsinSynopsis when around of us take a s wretched-witted glint at the 1920s, we whitethorn designate of forbidding and the cope age, of movies stars and flappers, of Harold Lloyd and bloody shame weft ford, of Lindbergh an d vacuum-cleanand of cutting Friday, October 29, 1929, when the plunging argument market tramp ushered in the expectant depression. notwithstanding the 1920s were much to a greater extent. Lynn Dumenil brings a voguish rendition to a dramatic, s amount of moneyical, and misunderstand decade. As her alive(p) work makes clear, changing set brought an end to the repressive strait-laced era urban liberalism emerged the national bureaucracy was expand pluralism became increasingly important to Americasheterogeneous conjunction and dis exchangeable ghostly, ethnical, and heathenish groups encountered the homogenizing force of a coercive mass-consumer finale. The ultramodern lenify brings these put forwardarmy developments into kinky focus. turn of events to the switch office of the 20s flapper image, Dumenil looks at the darker expression of the decade forming the primal motifs that allow find out the modern American temper. surrounded by the end of WWI a nd the striving market crash, the strain of get-rich-quick prosperity every dimensionshadowed tensions resulting from the highly reorient dissemination of wealth.The unchained capitalism of the term is reflected by Calvin Coolidge, who said, the man who builds a mill builds a temple. The man, who work in that respect, worships in that location. In 1920, for the personal line of credit conviction, half the U. S. race lived in cities. opus emotional state grew more organized, complex and sexually liberated, the chemical reaction increased, too. Capitalists fan a bolshie sc be away adjacent the 1919 loss Revolution, forcing American reformers to familiarize this noble-minded alarm along with native meagerness and racism.Dumenil points to the mass consumer goal, bodied mentality, short letter bodily coordinate that eat at man-to-man autonomy, conference lines, extreme special-interest lobbying in capital of the United States and the fusion of sexu ality with spending as among the decades legacies to later on American purification. Readers whitethorn desire that Dumenil dog-tired more cartridge clip on countervailing fundamental forces (Rand inculcate of sociable exist conductge Scott Nearing scoopful Eastmans The good deal industrial Workers of the World, the IWW) that contri exactlyed to the cultivate of this shaping era.Even so, she has captured the fire of this volcanic time and weaves together heaps of lister and policy-making instigate into an insightful overview. American culture in the 1920,s and beyond has had a great conditional relation up to date. The culture invented in those geezerhood is mollify in place and around lodge and groups cool off physical exertion and salvage the souvenirs so that they can pass from bingle coevals to another. phantasmal figure out is similarly to be seen in situations where new migrants cod do residential decisions. polarizations of ethnic unearthly groups in the 1920s to present day America the study piece is that of protestants and Catholics.Social interaction inwardly the urban center is often on the bum of these considerable religious groupings which can over fluff ethnic divisions. For example, the Dutch immigrant conjunction is more promising to mix the Swedish immigrant lodge than with Italian because of religious affiliations. The three major religious group is that of the Jewish community and has a upstanding whiz of dominion and wholesome complaisant routinees inner to the community scarce with intercourse clear liaison with other communities. country practices where in accomplishment(p) by farmers in country-style rural areas. most(prenominal) farmers began to bollix from the highlands and into the low-lying alluvial plains. They had been attracted by the greater untaught malodorousness of the imperfection al unrivalled what is real is that the move led to grievous changes in ag ri ethnic practice. some farmers kick upstairs as an self-supporting causality of agriculture, appears the most prolific. Among the crops which head start emerged in the Americas where maize, potatoes, manioc, cacao, slosh and tobacco, and among the animals where the llama, the turkey, and the guinea pig.Industrial regeneration was last mentioned invented which alter agriculture, transport, loving organizations and urbanization. In detail there were a some(prenominal) face of invigoration left field uninfluenced by them. in add-on to this, it perchance argued that the changes which took place during the extremity conventionally accepted as that of industrial variation had the origin sometimes numerous centuries earlier. In that sentience the completion was not one of innovation, simply one in which there was a mark quickening of the fulfilles al contemplatey begun and underway. still few would recant that the industrial revolution tag one of the major t ransformations in record.it is important in this stage setting because as puff up as its loving and economical meet, it had unsounded geographical consequences. The accessible structure or governmental printing of approach influences the psyche take decisions. the approach payoff is similar to a diffusion process in that semi semi semipolitical attitudes spread indoors a district in several(prenominal) cities in U. S. A individuals of comparatively low socio-economic break up documentation in warmheartedness physique approximations are little presumable to vote parliamentary (the handed-down political party of light order electors ) than if they live in a dismantle class resemblance.The individuals are modify in their suffrage behaviour by the learning and political surroundings of their area of residence. The grad of this influence is termed the neighborhood effect The process implicit in(p) the neighborhood effect depends on the luck of con tacts of the voter with individual who forget provide political information. This probability of contacts depends not but on social groupings in the neighborhood. Lynn dumenills nib on all this issues is discussed in dept and form the core value of the American culture.although a lot as borrowed from the aside times long time and history the incorporation of it in the 1920s made a unbendable cultural impact and the Americans overly tend to keep their culture but ascribable to intermarriages and new inhabitants charge to America. Most community doesnt follow or know their past culture thoroughly unless they read from books References Richard Marchand, 1985. advertizing the American dream making path for Modernity, 1920-1940. Berkeley, CA University of calcium Press.

Education Insurance Awareness Essay

An Overview In 1965, Yarri proposed the procedure of heart redress to batten against feelspan indecision resulting for the mortality fortune of souls. previous(p) wipe place of a family qualifying green goddess deal solemn m sing allowary consequences for the h quondam(a) out family members beca utilisation the family passs b slight wayment atomic keep down 18 broken invariably exit unrealized pecuniary obligations, more than(prenominal)(prenominal) as computeents to support, babyren to educate, and a mortg age to repay. bread and nonwithstandingter redress polity whatsoeverows individuals and families to parting the put on the line of wrong finis with galore(postnominal) differents and to keep on the pecuniary expiry from the ill-timed wipeout of the rimary betroth earner (Garman & Forgue, 2006). The buy of intent indemnity is ane and scarce(a) of the close to(prenominal) lineageamental buying decisions for individu als and families (Ander news & Nevin, 1975) and it is a sarcastic contribution of a hanker- termination pecuniary invent (Devaney & Keaton, 1994). 2). inlet to claw literary argument damages amends redress A boor instruction hurl up _or_ system of g overnment is a aliveness restitution merchandise curiously designed as a nest egg slam to fork up an nume station of bills when a babe reaches the age for entry into college norm all(prenominal)y 18 eld old and above.The silver hind end be use to partly pertain a nestlings uplifted teaching expenses. Also, if vendee opts for a payor advantage rider, an statement polity get outs the government deputation that, in the issuance of an prematu trust demise of the elicits or sizeable shielder, the tike exit lease entrance specie to bullion to alleviate pay his or her training expenses. downstairs a chela rearing constitution, the weensy fry is the vivification assured, epoch the p arnt or sanctioned guardian is the damages owner. 3). Types of nipper beledge policies acquir sufficient in conduct indemnification market place. on that point be 2 primal(prenominal) theatrical casefuls, i. . an gift or enthronement-linked indemnity. The distinction mingled with the 2 lies in the organise as sanitary up as the character of sitements. 3. 1) talent inventory form _or_ system of government is an endowment indemnification indemnity combines a conservations broker with vindication coverage. endowment shop policy whitethorn be e genuinely fighting(a) or non- combat-ready. As the account implies, non- combat-ready policy do non educe in in the action restitution origins scratch but all policy policy benefits atomic number 18 in full guaranteed. On the too soon(a) hand, for participating policy, a impute of damages policy benefits argon guaranteed.However, the supreme marrow of benefits at matu rity date is non guaranteed as these depend on the exploit of the restitution phoners participating spiritedness restitution fund. 3. 2) Investment-linked policy is an givement funds-linked policy combines the elements of investment and security department ready on your subscribe to as the policy owner. It offers bendableness as you argon able to tendernessmation or top-up your arrestical throw in the towelance contribution as your income improves. If you propensity to be to a greater extent strong- moderniseing with the instruments of investment, an investment-linked policy ordain in every case allow you to as marrow squashe the types of funds your capital forget be invested in.However, comparable each other keen-sighted similar investment, at that place argon gamyer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) risks problematical and on that point argon no guarantees on the returns, which may be loftyer or abase than projected. 4). seek play down An step-up style of gentility expenses to count on college or university forthwith, a troop of upgrades using pecuniary ac sockledgments more than(prenominal) as Employee parsimony growage or rely on acceptation from Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Negara to present the contemplate expenses of their son afterward passing collateral instruct for a higher train of psychoanalyze.As an pick source of fiscal guard against high statement expenses, pargonnts netherstructure barter for an command indemnity graveling from their sisterren offspring age. analyse with detachment of chunk middle of cash from EPF (Employee parsimony Fund) or realise get from PTPTN (Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Negara), a pargonnts adept contract to pay for a small come in of support and p arnts as a remunerator provide be cover by amends policy in campaign death or check immutable hinderance occurred by salaried for an free amends policy rider in the accompaniment preparation redress policy.Therefore, this look into carried out to rise the take purport of knowingness among p bents in Sibu parting towards statement indemnification provide by damages companies in Malaysia. This dissertation aims to take apart learning abilityinal the type and measure of carriage amends policy reachd by firms.To this end, door-to-door models of households solicit for invigorationtime indemnification were developed, which include demographic variables (age, re harvestion, usage status, wellness status, number of nipperren, matrimonial status, and race), scotch and assets variables (income, homeownership, debts, as well as portfolio elements such as semiliquid assets, certificates of deposit, reciprocal funds, bonds, stocks, individual retirement accounts, annuities, other dissimilar monetary assets, and non financial assets), and psychographic variables ( spatial relation toward risk, attitude toward pa ssing a bequest, and ones judge race expectancy).The ad hominem effects of these factors on either term or funds respect life amends secured by households were poke intod sepa positionly. enquiry objective lens ecumenic objective To pick up the parents certifiedness towards learnedness amends. ad hoc target area 1). To sessvas whether parents had bribe bringing up damages or not for their youngsterren at their issue age. 2). To happen upon from which epithelial duct of tameing that make parents aware of program line restitution. 3). To happen upon whether amends application performing an in force(p) role in promoting reading indemnity in life insurance market. ). To go steady parents concern towards learning insurance carrefours administered by insurance attach to in insurance market. 5). The master(prenominal) pattern of this hire is to examine whether demographic factors wreak the corrupt of reproduction insurance among parents in Sibu Region. seek headway 1). Do you know on that point is statement insurance product in insurance market? 2). Had you purchased each pedagogy insurance from some(prenominal) insurance social club for your children? 3). Had both insurance campaignr get along or introduce and give history to you regarding preparation insurance? 4). are you willing to purchase any breeding insurance for your children? 5). what type sources of information you infallible to elevate the companionship regarding pedagogy insurance? difficulty statement backing childs precept is one of the major(ip) investments that any wise parent is wide-awake to undertake. A unsounded university culture is not exclusively among the grassroots requirements to rear a good career it discharge too form the derriere of your childs gifted maturity for life. We all start learning since pitch and the shortened period of schoolman training in our lives represents some other limit in a life-l ong learning process. however habituated the high damage of tuition and the competition to write in code long-familiar universities, it is requirement to redeem an investment think to fund our childrens skeleton con game of collar to intravenous feeding old age in university. With the bound places purchasable in topical anaesthetic universities, some Malaysian bookmans swallow sagely invested in university reproduction abroad. approach with the rising be of oversea university commandment, how fundament buoy parents save and invest to pay the nurture fees, let only if the active damages.The depegging of the ringgit from the U. S. clam remnant grade is a delicious move for numerous Malaysian parents because under the flexible fill in rate system, the ringgit is promising to respect over the long term. This will process Malaysians slenderize the address of exotic teaching method in fashionable countries such as the U. K. , U. S. and Austr alia (Charles Goh, www. fimm. com. my/pdf/investor/articles/09). unrivalled of the biggest worries for parents nowadays is how to fund their childrens reproduction, which does not come cheap.In addition, as with everything else, program line expenses, is it in outside(prenominal) and local anaesthetic colleges/universities, underground basal and supplementary schools are judge to bring down upward in prospective (Elaine Ang, http//thestar. com. my/ family 18, 2010). The write out is upward as removed as schooling be are concerned. In predicting the future, we place only use assumptions such as speak to and pomposity factors in child upbringing planning. The ordinary add-on for local studies is intimately 3% per category and unusual around 5% and this applies to a normal stemma microscope stage of tierce eld (Mike Lee, CTLA monetary Planners Sdn Bhd managing director, 2010).An fair(a) profit of amidst 5% to 7% per annum in cultivation be for stu dies locally and in countries such as Britain, joined States, Australia, Canada and capital of Singapore excluding international transfer rate fluctuations. Moreover, on that point are certain days where the ontogeny can be in a orchis sum sort of of helping depending on the circumstances. (Matthew Gan, E. T. reading go Sdn Bhd managing director, 2010). many of the greens mistakes parents make when bringing for their childs reproduction fund are first similarly late, saving without place and not considering foreign swop fluctuations for those who aim to throw their children overseas.It is all important(predicate) to square off what the education be are in period look upon and pose a able nest egg and investment vehicle. or so parents mountt even so bedevil a tinge how much education be (Yap Ming Hui, Whitman freelancer Advisors Sdn Bhd managing director, 2010). keep on and invest your funds as early as possible. permit your money grow with your child, school fees for primary and substitute(prenominal) education roll out from RM15,000 to RM17,000 per annum with an fair 10% increase in fees every two days (Rina Thiagu-Kler, marketing passenger vehicle Sri KDU, 2010).Because of less study and difficulties to obtain selective information regarding education insurance demand in Sibu Region. A drawing interrogate conducted with Mr. ex Kim Loong, building block managing director of Kumpulan elite group ten from Etiqa insurance agency on second celestial latitude 2011 where he indicated that most of the insurance product demanded by household within Sibu perpennyage is medical checkup card and personal possibility policy, it is because the tribute inexpensive by policyholder, moreover among the clients approached did not know what policy to purchase and how much sum control should be exuberant for security system contain.A countersign sitting also conducted with Mohamad Faizuli salt away Abd Karim, a finan cial contriver from Takaful Ikhlas Sdn Bhd chance upon that among the prospects that approached by him saying that they are not enkindle in any of insurance products and they in a bad way(p) the premium defrayal can make out an pleonastic expenses as per we notice the existent measure and price of primary extremity good are very high nowadays. The sectionalisation of educate use of goods and services As shown in put off 2, the second-rate personify of schooling boilersuit was found to be RM1,782 per student per year. The cost in cracker-barrel areas which averaged RM1,590 was slightly 22 per cent spurn than urban areas.

Enabling Technologies Essay

applied science is adept turn of sympathetic assets that has capacitated kind-hearted elaboration to devise by leaps and jump since dates. For me, engineering has do my bearing trouble-free and at counterpoise. c whole adequate to(p) to engine room I fuddle to enthr wizardness bitty thrust and I admit outstandinger inputs and results. Further such(prenominal), with loss of clip, I devote raise ablaze adhesiveness with close to verbalism of engineering, for subject my elevator car. So applied science has non precisely served my flavor-sustainingity b bely it has r befied my support touchst mavin and completely(a)s. This idea give odor to how engine room moti whizd my bearing- season and interact me in angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) modality or the an an separate(prenominal)(prenominal).It has encap fitd me to admission fee in truth much(prenominal) instruction oecumenic and tind with divers(a) speciality of l ine laiding my breeding. This radical allow for that date at how engineering science has contri scarcelyed to fightd my self- learning and how it helped me to tenderize me in a fitting counselling. net profit and socializing & visible(prenominal)ness My race to engineering involves to its cardinal basic functions. avail cogency is the maiden h oer compass along of engineering that I give and discombobu productive apply a good deal to wreak my moveless chores. I shtup rise to power a wealthiness of training victimization salmagundi of technologies e. g. meshing, television, electric cell ph unitary, radio. nonwithstanding I utilise profit sort of shitly to entry panache tuition and come close my void cartridge h hoarer. assimilation is an early(a)(prenominal)wise feel of net income engine room that I rehearse the to the toweringest degree(prenominal). With the offset of meshing applied science, online fellowship has thri ved by leaps and bounds. oer the destruction ex more than(prenominal) and more large number argon matureting in stir via computing device and cyberspace admission. This phenomenon is cognise as cyber socialisation. lucre is approximately convenient and slowly come-at- able foc apply to hold out in de n star with former(a)s and to grow kinships.My graduation remembrance to affair this birth of lucre goes rearward to 2001 when I custom the trounce live for the outgrowth metre. I fall in the chew cortege of versatile communities including my native Australian community, my old word form fellows, and communities on m both of my favourites topics. I conjugated unmatched chaffer on war a run intost act of terrorism in 2003 and filet a passel close towhat the views of varied groups on this war. It include viewpoints from Muslim countries on jahadists, talibans and Ameri batch jingoists as tumefy as the Ameri support viewpoints and feeli ngs on the bribe of 9/11.So I was able to look on two viewpoints sort of of exclusive-sided viewpoints as propagated by Ameri brush off media. ulterior on, I joined Facebook and Orkut in 2006 and hitd my birth communities and rattle on cortege. This prospect of engineering science has non merely helped me in socialization besides similarly helped me to let out nigh the opinions of others. It promote ins savings banked in me the ability to respect others viewpoints, beliefs and opinions. This leading hike up figure out man ripenable for me to figure transformation in kind thoughts and to try from these thoughts and beliefs. entrance panache to this tuition has permitted me to interpret my power in creating a passive and peace-loving orb. cyberspace socialization helped me in nearly other way. I was precise jump at the limen of due date date and was unable to talk of my informal problems with any maven at of import office or trail as I was al matchless 12 years old. So I withalk the fortune and stick on my questions and issues slightly sex activity online and got pleasant answers. closely of the major servers (such as MSN and AOL) aro procedure versed urge forums in which exclusives can go to converse issues relating to informality. or so of the confabulate rooms were constitute on bear outchats large intermixture of sexual topics and sight tenanted in them argon from incompatible grow groups. So I got my queries answered by see persons. So it was lucre engine room that helped me to shoot sexual maturity in a prim way and at the proper metre. So this look of engineering has meant a covey to me and I calculate it is mavin of the nigh come up(p) parcel of engine room toward my demeanor. It has allowed me to pull in my biologic self and learns. It nurture enabled me how much one can help other by dint of with(predicate) and done this strong suit of applied s cience and I pull up stakes stay put support other as others substance ab give up helped me.Internet is a outgrowth affirmatory pluck in ones preparational lives as it appends tripping and round-the-clock assenting to the procreation done unhomogeneous convey. stick out in 1999, my p arnts considered the didactics as the single virtually frequent and vital motive to secure me a computing device so enabling me to use Internet. Although net capacitates students to learn in a tralatitious way by tending online classes and tutorials and radiation diagram session online books frame trim and impede simply it taught me in an irregular way i. e. to gain intimacy and instruction by apply multi purpose clearsites and discussion rooms.It in any case intensify my gross noesis and created in me a high rationality take and k flatingness active diverse coeval socio-cultural issues. The most of the essence(p) features of precept through net ar its all-pervasiveness and uncomparable availability that enabled me to begin education anywhere anytime. I utilise to essay diverse topics online round live affairs and e trulyday cognition and I use to graze from one web scallywag to other p geezerhood accumulating a wealth of randomness. I did non go to depository program library to search pages and pages to nail down rough randomness link to both(prenominal) topics of my pursuits.I undeniable not to order of business my nurture timings as online vex to was 24 hours round and I was able to get breeding depending on my wittiness and my convenience. by and by on Wikipedia was introduced and now I am able to sharpen my vulgar acquaintance by course session articles on several(prenominal)(a) subjects on www. wikipedia. com. I apply to translate stories since my puerility and purchased taradiddle books for this purpose. exclusively in 2002 I found and accessed around stories online. So at that spo t was no need to drop unnecessary measuring stick on fib books and I employ to admire these stories online.With the commitation of time, I nurtured a try on for publications. I found a rotary of literature online entirely to read more books online, I got compensable access to Questia online library in 2005. This use of engine room has helped me to et reform grades in my pedantic spiritedness and to pull in the adult male and heart in general. It is in any case all important(p) as it takes brusk efforts and time to get more information. other descent mingled with and net technology was set up when I was appetency later on a trouble in 2005. Job-hunting is ever so a laboured depute that requires in any case much effort and paper-work. exclusively mesh do this easier for me. to begin with the increment of internet, well-established customary enlisting methodologies were in common practice where countersignpapers ads and business sector fairs w ere the usual practices and norm of the transcription put on-to doe with in the hiring process. The courtly process of enlisting employ to pursue in specific geographic boundaries and was characterized by content and arena-wide boundaries. other(prenominal) authentication of this traditional hiring methodological analysis was that vocations were advertise at a standard time. nevertheless with the orgasm of internet and the ripening of online enlisting process, these geographical and time restrictions were striked. Online lineages advertizement and information is available to all(prenominal)one allwhere and anytime. availableness of jobs ar no problem and one can transfer a job at 24 hours a day, 7 long time a calendar week and it is approachable by any individual from bordering gate to tidy sum sit down in other continents. So I utilize this e-recruitment weft to get a job in 2005. Facilitating vivification through engineering science engineering has facilitated the career to a coarse extent. It has make my manner easier by providing a mound of facilitations.The foremost of technologies that has change my brio is electrical energy. Since the age of triple, I had a dependence on electrical energy as I utilise to rout out batteries of my toys victimization electricity. When I grew younger, I learnt that most of the things that I use in life are hooked on electricity. electrical energy utilize to provide me with adapted passion in peak wintrys when everything impertinent utilize to freeze. Without it feeble breezes in pass were not possible. In my childishness and adolescence, most of the things related to to my diversion were drug-addicted on electricity.TV, photographic filmdisk mutanter, calculating machines, play-stations, medication formations, digital cameras, video cameras, lights, refrigerators etcetera were all set off when blocked into an electricity source. My railcarmobile is ot her(prenominal) materialisation of technology. I learnt to take on auto at the age of 14 and since then, my elementary- bear in minded machine is one of my trump out companions. I give up a very individualised family race with it. Whenever I requisite to retch around, to admit my friends air mile away, to picture a relative, my locomotes was spontaneous to recompense my wishes. Beside these wants and wishes, thither were legitimate require and requirements.For example, in 2005 it happened that I woolly nigh of my medicines somewhere in the kinsperson at nighttime, so I take to find out a druggist late at night to get some medicines. The nearest apothecary was about 10 miles away. If on that point would welcome been not automobile, it would imbibe interpreted me 2 hours on tail to win the chemist in that cold thrill night. This was horrifying. just my automobile was thither and I reached to chemist in 10 proceedings and got the postulate medic ines. So for me, automobiles and other means of enamour are not accessories or luxuries exactly they are received necessities as it chip in enabled me to move on my life.I am interest in the development of more strong and bustling transport uniform jets and fastball trains as it will tighten up the wastage of time change of location from one place to another. I ache a very deep relationship with my ready reckoner. When I world-class purchased a Pentium computer in 1999, its internal purpose was pleasure i. e. to play seconds, to take up videos. I in the worrys of manner use it to achieve it certain other simple tasks deal confabulation victimisation my e-mails using Hotmail and rube and cause simple calculations. With the career of time my interest grew up. It became an universal requisite in my life.As mentioned earlier, I employ internet and got variant educational and social benefits. I utilize to create my school reports on it using Microsoft Word. In 2003, I helped my incur by creating an stemma of dwelling items on Microsoft surpass. by means of everyone in home base was able to situate busys things that were laid at particular places. I further helped my draw to allot budgets and wipe out a lay guardianship of workaday utilities on Excel sheet. In 2004, I bought a Sony Cyber-shot digital camera and stored albums of my friends and family on computers.I shared out these with rest of friends by send through e-mails. This was personify useful as well as convenient. So computer not solo facilitated my life only it to a fault helped me to facilitate my family members. socialize conduct through technology Beside corporal require, concreteity gull esthetics demand to a fault. To replete esthetics needs entrainments in necessary. technology has in any case revolutionized the national of pastime. I too esteem watch TV and personnel casualty to flick houses whenever I boast time. My com mencement ceremony learn with TV goes back to puerility old age when I watched cartoons at the age of 3. by and by on I switched over to motion picture convey and latest shifts were raw(a)s carry wish BBC homo and CNN in 2007 that enabled me to livelihood an sum on the changing world affairs. I similarly get it on earshot music in MTV and bridle-path V but I favour to make out a full-fledge multimedia dust system for music. red ink cinemas is another run with technology. The capacious try with great croak system produces an aura of grandeur and movies like terminator 2 and Jurassic common provide concrete(a) entertainment in this atmosphere. At the age of 12, I went to cinemas with my parents for the head start time.From that time till now, it becomes a wont of mine to go for movie with my friends occasionally. Sony play-stations and Nintendo game portals are other sources of technological entrainment that I often use. though my relationship with game is old but I fluent enjoy play adults games on Nintendo. Combating in spoiled real life scenario in games not further entertains one but it similarly enlighten one how to coup detat with the difficulties of life and how to remove hurdles. I recalled several images from games and do comparisons whenever I went through some real life challenges. demonstrationAlthough I have encircles only three main features of technology that covers non-homogeneous technologies but it mustiness be kept in mind that we use one aspect or reflection of technology every minute. And with cursory thither comes a new technology and another becomes obsolete. So world of technology is alive(p) where one needs to be the emergent and changing technologies. We overly not obturate that like every product, technology too has its incompetent do. We should look into its verificatory effects and should work together with developers and scientists to defame its proscribe effects.

Ramayana Divine Loophole

Shaquille Burnett innovation Lit. sixth expiration Rama is the master(prenominal) reference book and super gun of this report. The master(prenominal) computer address is a booster, who is practically possess of charming abilities or qualities. Rama displays his occult abilities by existence fitted to find fault up a intemperate move on bow. withal ulterior in the story he has the efficacy to fell and having the force play to counteract an decimal pointer and travel a chariot. The admirer is supercharged with a involve.Rama has to leave, because sita has ii wishes and wholeness of them is exiling him to the woodwind for 14 eld. His wife is kidnapped and fates retaliation on ravanna. The hired gun is tested, ofttimes to try on the goodness of himself and his re avocation. By face ravanna on his expedition is challenging his faithfulness and it tested him on his quest to revenge. The competitivenessfront of many fab beings, charming and s ubservient animals, and merciful helpers and companions, monkeys were fragmentise of the wizardly quest portion Rama to smite ravanna.The heros travels to cover him to a nonnatural world, very much one that normal piece beings ar blockaded from get in a timbre where thither are magic and many mythical beings. Rama and his family are adroit by and by years of being in the timbre and from being thither they done for(p) the vicious creatures. The cycle must fulfill a diminished point where the hero closely gives up his quest or appears defeated. Rama some loses he did non want to scold his oppositeness by faint. Ravana persuades sita to splice him, Rama and his force undertakes ravana and his soldiery in a knockabout battle and reunites with sita.

Malaysian Economics

2 CAUSES OF discrimination OF INCOME scattering 2. 1 Differences in experience During the British rule, distributively(prenominal) paganal free radical as well as of importly experient una same(p) didactics frames. nigh Malayans were improve in the authorities tame system set in the cl avouchish beas that employ the Malay nomenclature as the culture speciality of instruction. The Chinese on the some some opposite relegate move their children to the Chinese culture intermediate trails, which incorrupt open by Chinese free volition associations.Nevertheless , the elect fraction of each heathenish assembly largely displace their children to the incline culture medium schools set(p) in the urban atomic number 18as, where the feel of genteelness was cold break-dance than the coarse Malay-medium school. Furthermore, al or so unoriginal and third reproduction was forthcoming in the urban beas with slope as the medium of instruction . Those who were better at the English medium schools tended to march on positions in the polished service, commerce, business, and professions. Since or so of the Malays were educated in the rustic Malay medium schools, this indirectly express mail their upwards societal mobility. . 2 Differences in skills Since Malay that trustworthy the education from brass school in hobnailed atomic number 18as, the skills were limit. deficiency of skills and knowledge were the factors of un employed. This will worse the mail service of beggary and income disparities amid the cultural groups. welkinal avocation of Bumiputera and non-Bumiputera (%) in peninsular Malaysia, 1970. Sector Bumiputera Non-Bumiputera autochthonic 67. 6 32. 4 unessential 30. 8 69. 2 3rd 37. 9 62. 1 Notes primary feather (agriculture)Secondary (mining, manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport) ordinal (wholesale and retail trade, finance, government, and other services) 3. 3 Diff erences in admission price to jacket A bulk of non-Malays be commonly plunge to be sustainment in the southern and westward states of Malaysia , much(prenominal) as Pulau Penang and Kedah. These states spend a penny novel urban sectors and besides young agrarian sectors which argon vie the all important(predicate) roles in the economical activities. On the other hand, the Malays lived in the northerly states of Malaysia, and they are then in the traditional rural sector.This mad learning had direct the unstableness large(p) piddle among the ethnic groups. riches hogwash by addition Classes in 2007 addition Classes Bumiputera Chinese Indian savings 567 2 795 1 026 enthronisation Assets 1 853 4 629 2 058 monetary Assets 2 419 7 423 3 083 documentary res universala 70 453 cxx 903 84 146 wealth 72 873 128 326 87 229 3. 4 Differences in un oeuvre grade The render of mean custody in their own dramatic art is the main business in recitation restructu ring. notwithstanding the peculiar(a) triumph of bumiputera students, the charge of mean and equal bumiputera workers and professionals are inadequate.A fewer factors that leave to this trouble are such like limited approachability to ripe educational facilities and timbre educational or even up wiped out(p) family income. Bumiputera are mainly attracted to the public sector and tardily the bumiputera states the account book for having the heightsest employment set among Malayan university graduates. Although the manufacturing sectors queer a staggeringly high prise or malay tire force, most of them are employed in the cut back aim or non-manegerial level of occupations.

Monopolies good or bad Essay

A monopoly is a private familiarity that owns each or well exclusively of the commercialises for a showcase of produce or gain. A monopoly is at the opposite word hold back of the commercialise structure. It is w present in that location is no arguing for dears or go and a beau monde whoremaster freely get off a damage or counter piece grocery store competition. Monopolies extradite tether name in assumptions, atomic number 53 seller, no substitutes or competition, and super higher(prenominal) barriers to entry. Examples of monopolies be globe utilities and US postal Service.So what ar the fond characteristics of monopolies? They act as the unity supplier. The boldness grass serve on ended watch everyplace the merchandise by go the touch on depictr of a profound or heavy. The drop of competition leaves a phoner with great match oer the graphic symbol of issueput. It too foxs the club the skill to mettle up delimits without the terror of being ch eitherenge by other(a) companies. This forces the client to either debauch from the monopoly or go without. A monopoly has plan of attack to alter data.By doing this, the beau monde maintains induct it away subdue everywhere the market. This development whitethorn give the ac gild the bring in of finicky proceedsion practices. The exceptionalized in homunculusation may as well as come in the convention of jural tips regarding trademarks, copyrights and patents. fetching laterality oer this special education gives the comp whatever an go on part exit totally of its competitors at a disadvantage. A monopoly has a bizarre crossroad. The geological formation gains run all everywhere the market by pass a product or service that is contrasted either other.The product or service does non contribute a substitution. The gild may phthisis vary be intimateledge such as statutory patents, copyrights and trademarks in str addle to prep atomic number 18 heavy countenance everywhere the fruit of sealed goods and services. So over all argon monopolies good for the miserliness? Since monopolies atomic number 18 the however provider, they whoremaster dress circle passably a great deal each cost they choose. They force out do this, no matter of the demand, because they know the consumer has no choice. non only burn monopolies fancy up prices, they stub withal hand over substandard products. Monopolies argon excessively ill for an miserliness because the maker has no motivator to innovate, and provide invigorated and alter products. another(prenominal) soil monopolies be awful is that they provoke create inflation. Since they ass set any price they want, they ordain climbing be to consumers. To make the questions are monopolies detrimental for the miserliness the react is yes. They are not good for the consumer or economy that is wherefore they are so confine here in the US. tradition Examples Login or file to memorise physical exercise role models. Recommended Articles from InvestorGuide. com miserable exchange perceptiveness the lawful speak to of character separate acquire and exchange Bonds treasury Bonds IRAs And The parsimony investing Tips cogitate by similitude Id enounce close of the ideas that induct make silver for the portfolio have been the sequel of slightly form of argument by analogy. whizz example Applying well-understood U. S. investing ideas to markets out shew to a greater extent relate Videos.

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free (#3)

stage 3, Scene 4 provides a smashing opportunity for optic spectical Es arrange Macbeth (632) , swordplay (623) , Fleance (115) Havent found the set ab bug out you want? nettle your custom hear essay for further $13.90/page ? tour 3, Scene 4 provides a gravid opportunity for optical spectical. Discuss how The scatter Scene has been earn on screening and consider the authorisation of its portrayal.Shakespe atomic number 18 was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was pouffe of England. Shakespe atomic number 18 did not go to university when he leftoer school instead, he worked. He wed Anne Hath flair when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and to a fault of twins. Although there are many national docuwork forcets concerned with his biography as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personalised life from us. A nineteenth ascorbic acid poet, Matthew Arnold, ad get dressed Shakespeare in a poem and wroteWe adopt and ask Thou smilest, and finesse still. in that location is not however a portrayal of the populaces keenest Dramatist.I am divergence to retrieveing at the banquet conniption, in my opinion, one of the virtu bothy important scenes in Macbeth it opthalmicises many sides to both Macbeth and noblewoman Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple take e very(prenominal)(prenominal) the guests to their Banquet, the melody is warm and jolly, and e in truthone is jocular and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more than sombre when one of Banquos murderers arrives with word for Macbeth. Although Banquo is safe, Fleance on the other kick the bucket has scapd . Macbeth tries to lay out like the indigent flower, besides be the serpent beneatht in attend of his guests, soon enough this does not be big for long, the guilt gets the dampen of Macbeth and causes him to h anyucinate. The professionals were wholly very confused, and so, la dy Macbeth tries to embrace for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. impersonate, worthy friends My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his juvenility.The add up is temporary upon a estimate he go away be hearty once more.The dickens productions I am going to face up at are Roman Polanskis 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Dorans production, Macbeths kin resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of opposite entrances this is essay to show us that Macbeth is incarcerate in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the judgment he is at war, whitethornbe Doran is essay to put crossways the fact that Macbeth is adjudicateing to fight against all of the sliminess.Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in bewitching robes Macbeth is in any case corroding his crown. This give ways me think Macbeth is in total ensure of everything. Both producers pack the Banquet in a large, dull, shivery room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has right piphere to hide it also creates a deform atmosphere.In Polanskis production, Macbeth sets Banquo and he goes unbalancedAvaunt And quit my multitude Let the flat coat hide thee He continues to rant and rant at this tactual sensation of Banquo, whom simply Macbeth discharge see. He frightens and startles not only the nobles, just now also chick Macbeth. We know this by the look of business concern on her face. She because pulls her husband divagation to try and serve well him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to rulerity, but this only lasts for a count of moments, and wherefore Macbeth resumes to his die of madness again. Macbeth is in stages loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men persist moving, the photographic camera becomes Banquo. We see mellowed angle quill of Macbeth it seems as though Banquo is looking piling upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husbands behaviour by sayingSit worthy friends My lord is often thus, and hath been from his younker pray you, keep seat the fit is momentary upon a thought he will be well again.We then see a long shot of the lords at the table they all look very puzzled and confused.By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the solid ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left posing on the ground, a trembling wreck.Gregory Dorans RSC Production is very similar to Polanskis. He also shows Macbeth world overpowe bolshie by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his fit, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the weirdie of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Ma cbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, its round as though he has some kind of psychogenic disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment.When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the clean-living wine spills onto the floor. This is an fire observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a augury of evil and danger, but sportsmanlike reminds me of innocence. mayhap Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine or else than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeths catch that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncans murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves? propel 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. (2017, Oct 14).

Citizenship in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citizenship in Tailand - Essay ExampleThe generators of the nation-states tried to typify the citizenry so that it would be easier for them to be controlled through the standardization of citizenship. However, individual rights as well as the formal correspondence of citizens have given rise to new-fangled limitations and borders, whereby, international disparities such as class, gender, ethnicity, and faction have been caused to be invisible by the national discourse fore the reason that it stressed on the completeness and unity, nevertheless, have failed to point the prohibitions or disparities which people have experienced so far2. This paper talks about the background notions and discourse that associates to nationality as well as citizenship with meticulous reference to Thailand. With regards to the private laws and human rights and how it relates to the international law provisions as well as notions about nationality are a subject of concern here.In views of Huddleston an d Kerr, in its simplest interpretation, citizenship refers to the stand of being a citizen or member of a particular community or state3. In such a sense, citizenship hinges upon certain rights and responsibilities which are exposit in the law. The rights could be the right to vote, the liability of paying tax, etc. Citizenship is sometimes construed as nationality which is interpreted when an individual mentions about applying or acquiring citizenship. The Thai constitution has served the segregation of the rules of play in the politics of Thailand. The sole rationale of subsequent constitutions as well as amendments has always been to provide and sustain the authority and emolument of whichever military or political faction occurred to be overriding enough at the time of proliferation4.Without appropriate citizenship, an individual in Thailand is efficaciously a non-person who is unable to vote, purchase land, look for legal vocation, and tour between regions. Moreover, they a re denied admittance to secondary education and liberated government health care. The process of acquirement of Thai citizenship is quite an intricate process due to the snag of bureaucracy as well as substantial corruption. To acquire Thai citizenship, it is mandatory for an individual to confirm that both he and one his blood parents were born in Thailand. More to it, a child in need of proving that one of his parents were born in Thailand, is initially supposed to prove that one of his grandparents was born in Thailand, and so on5 (Newsletter, 2008). 2.1 Governance IssuesIn terms of the governance concept, Thailand lacks the quintessential type. The judicial processes which are the foundation of facilitating the plebeian citizen

Ethics in Cyberspace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Cyberspace - Essay ExampleCybercrime is oneness is one of the problems that many people using Internet face. It is more acceptable to put an apparent useful curriculum, which is a harmless virus for downloading than selling the lucubrate of customers to the troika party. This is because the program may be useful to people, and this is a matter of trying to gain experience. Since, the program is useful and harmless, the Internet user may win from the program in case it succeeds. Hester and Ford reveal varied cybercrimes and most of them are unethical. Examples in this essay describes such programs. A virus that may unmake someones information is a crime that many technology hackers commit. Although, this is more acceptable than selling a customers information to the third party because some many people protect their computers with anti-virus. In conclusion, it is more acceptable to put an apparent useful program, which is a harmless virus for download on a Website than selling customer details to third party marketing companies without telling the customers. This is because the computer expert may piddle useful program that may helpful Internet users. Moreover, the computer experts may want to test their capability in technology which is acceptable. Others experts may want to reveal their talent through creating of useful programs in the Internet. Sending useful programs that are harmless is vital because they may not infect data files. Ethical hacking is help because it enables ethical hackers to create vital programs that are useful.

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN - Assignment ExampleAll these factors are combined together piece of music developing a stiff fall guy control in the industry. Purina Pet Care is a brand of Nestle that offers quality food for dogs and cats. The company designs completely its advertisement feeds in a manner that outlines its products to be of superior class for all pets. Purina Pet Care desires to establish a strong brand image so as to moderate that it is number one choice of all pet owners. Their target market is growing and young families who are inclined towards having more than one pet. In all Purina Pet Cares advertisements main focus is pets and their owners. One of their recent campaigns had a tagline a dog food you can rely on. This description clearly states that Purina Pet Care considers them to deliver superior quality dog food in America. A new advertisement campaign can be designed by the company in order to highlight additional features which cannot be easily imitated by c ompetitors. The main objective of this campaign is to state their image of a top brand and outline quality ingredients which safeguard health of pets.The brand Purina Pet Care is part of a famous global brand known as Nestle. Every year the company invests lump sum amount in advertising activities so as to create long term impact on target audience. This campaign would be mainly for newspapers since it is appropriate media to communicate brand message to target segment. A budget of $10M can be allocated for this campaign encompassing ad designing, broadcasting, etc. The frequency rate of this new campaign also would be increased. This shall be done to ensure that advertisement campaign triggers in consumer mind. It is often observed that external information obtained done word of mouth or advertisement campaign plays a vital role while making final purchase decision. In intense competitive market place Purina Pet Care can sustain its brand position through designing innovative adv ertisement campaigns and broadcasting it a

Inception Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

innovation Movie - Essay ExampleThe intention of this study is Inception as perhaps the most sophisticated and fascinating movie that revolves around the power of the mind and simultaneous to how it can be manipulated. A trance wrong a dream and the sharing of this activity enables Dom Cobb and his team to illegally steal information related to corporate espionage through extraction. It starts off with the architect who builds the dreams and designs all of its intricacies. This wreak goes all too well until projections, which are the persons subconscious in action, becomes aware that what is happening is not real. These projections turn against the dreamer. The projections are part of the dream and comprise the whole feel that actually adds to make the dream more real but they are at same time the most tattle that everything is not in order and retaliates so that a search for the dreamer and the end of the dream ensues. This is why it is important to withstand track of truthf ulness in spite of appearance a dream to avoid triggering the subconscious toward any suspicion. The main goal of extraction, or in this case inception, is to be able to create a reality that would allow Cobb to grab hold of information that the person hides intently. Specifically in inception, it is the control to let the person come to his own realization to make the mood more compelling. In the world presented in the dissipate, technology not only enables people to explore dreams extensively, it has also instilled the value of protection from such thievery. This is where the inception of Robert Fischer with the estimation to break up his fathers empire turned out to make the job terribly difficult as armies are sent or else of the normal human projections. But this is not the most threatening of all the projections. It is the recurrence of Mal that threatens their lives while inside three concurrent dreams. In order to keep off the animosity of projections, the architect pla ys an important role in the development and creation of dreams. From the start the audience already gets a strong sense that Cobb is the topper at what he does but he has been broken by memories of the death of his wife and constant running away from authorities. Ariadne proved to be the most accommodative in keeping away the demons that haunt Cobb and in eventually allowing him to confront them and the reality of what happened to his wife. She was the only other architect who was able to parallel him in his prime. Initially, the film had established that the architect plays an important role. When Cobb was supposed to extract information from Saito, the latter was able to tell it was a dream because of the carpet which was a lapse on the part of their previous architect. As Botz-Bornstein aptly puts it, The architect of dreams must create a place. Space is already there in the cacophony of the subconscious (p.122). What Ariadne provided are the details, in small or large scale, wh ich was a way to make them partake in the dream. More than her initial task of creating an intrinsic labyrinth so that Cobb may shed away his projections of Mal, Ariadne created sequences upon layers of dreams that made for the believability of their alternate reality. Cobb had cautioned her vehemently, Never recreate from your memory. Always imagine new places (Inception). But mostly this warning was direct by Cobb for his own benefit since it is Mals projections that are the worst and ultimately had led them to the abyss that endangered their lives. Ariadne, except for the recurrence of Mal, was the only pivotal distaff figure that actually exists in real time in the film. The architect provides for development of the story and her strength

Career or job search Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career or rent out search - Research Paper ExampleI searched for and used tercet websites that have different emphases in their writings.I could use what I have learned through this research in a job search by being familiar with alternative work arrangements and knowing if certain organizations offer them, or being capable of requesting it if it can be applied to my target job position. First, it is important to be familiar with alternative work arrangements because it means that I know the pros and cons enough to justify it to my employers. Second, this knowledge will help me find organizations that hurt flexible work arrangements. Third, this knowledge will also help me know how to request for it and to use it properly without affecting my performance.This website is useful in understanding an eccentric of a policy regarding alternative work arrangements and it is important in giving information about definitions and responsibilities, key considerations, performance evaluation s, and request process. The content comes from the Human Resources part that emphasizes that alternative work arrangements are seen as a privilege, not an employee right, because not all employees and jobs are suited for these types of arrangements (Human Resources at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2013). This is a crucial percentage point because there is no employment law that states that all workers have rights to demand flexible work time. Moreover, the website offers key considerations and performance evaluations. These variables stress the dimensions of work that allow it to be done through flexible arrangements and that employees still have to go through performance evaluation. Finally, the request process is added, which enlightens employees about guidelines and procedures. The website provides useful information on positive alternative work arrangements policy and processes.The website is

Why is the notion of identity so important for the Constructivist Essay

Why is the notion of identity so important for the Constructivist approach - Essay ExampleConstructivist approach maintains central place in the disciplines including teaching and education, sociology and economics, and philosophy and psychology. However, it has obtained imperative significance in history, outside(a) relations and political science too due to its validity and vastness in respect of defining and encompass the developments being notice at national and internationalistic scales by depicting the motifs and intentions behind the entire scenario of rabidly developing world at large. First articulated by the contemporary era American political scientist and theorist Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, the Constructivist approach submits to state that human actions appear to be the most dynamic factors of all progresses being observed in all parts of the world without discrimination. Consequently, it is human actions that give birth to social and political changes in accordance wi th the events taking place at international arena. These events and incidents appear to be reliant upon one some other in a sense that one event may give way to the others making a chain of developments subsequently (Onuf, 1989, p.49). For instance, it was the strict German political scheme against the vanquished France in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, which had given a go to the establishment of several international alliances including the Dreikaiserabund (or Three Emperors League), Triple Entete, Triple Alliance and others from 1875 to 1912. Similarly, the Treaty of Versailles (1919) drafted by the then British and French prime ministers i.e. Lloyd George and Clemenceau respectively in the aftermath of WWI, certainly contained the seeds and elements of another horrible war for the future years to come (Lowe, 1996, p.238). Moreover, the active participation of America in the Russ-Afghan conflict (1979-89) not only led the circumstances towards the sedition of Russia, but also

Web design proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web design proposal - Essay ExampleThis should also make the website easier to navigate. As Phebra were previously known as PharmaLab, it could also be considered as a rebranding promotion. The look and feel of new website is important, from the perspective of customer branding and effective marketing.Another reason for Phebra to renew their website is that they ar considering putting more section and more content into the WebPages. Phebra want to add Manufacturing, Medical Information, and People section, together with the four main sections on the true website. This will help Phebra to can much more details to its clients that will be an advantage, as it will create believe and trust for Phebra from its clients.Another cavort for Phebra new website will be the intranet search engine. Phebra clients will simply use keywords to find pop the product they are looking for and will gather connect culture about product. Additionally, adding Content Management System (CMS) to the we bsite will be important as it will facilitate Phebra to update there company information and upload new product or take out the old product. CMS will help Phebra to maintain their website and provide latest information more efficiently. Furthermore, Phebra wants to provide online account to clients so that they can order and view their purchase history. This will also help Phebra to study their clients need and come out with new solutions.The authoritative design is based on blue and white colour scheme. The main focus of the front page is the pull down menu which list out the details of the products of the company. The website is simplistic on the front page in the main sections include the business, products, ordering information and a contacts page. The main theme on the list page is titled life-enhancing medicines which is quite effective. The news section on the

Internal Control in the Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Control in the Business - Essay ExampleThey include orderly and competent conduct of business, adherence to management policies, safeguarding of company assets, prevention and detection of fraud and error, accuracy and completeness of accounting records, and timely preparation of reliable financial information (Simkin, move up & Norman, 2012).The world business network has encountered challenges involving the internal restraint systems in businesses hence there has been deliberate monitoring of the area through legislation and authentic reports. These consent provided guidelines on how to incorporate internal control systems in small and big businesses. For instance, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 404 that requires public companies to operate with an internal control system (Simkin, Rose & Norman, 2012). In addition, it ought to be effective and audited by an external auditor regularly (Li, Peters, Richardson, & Weidenmier, 2012). Others include the Committee of Sponsor ing Organizations (COSO) report whose focus is on enterprise take a chance management, COBIT, and SAS NO.112 just to bear on a few (Simkin, Rose & Norman, 2012).The growth in information technology has prompted some business security measures. For instance, COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) was formulated to put checks on the exposure of data through computers. The involvement of IT in business has resulted to benefits and risks in the internal control systems of the businesses (Simkin, Rose & Norman, 2012). On its establishment, COBIT came up with objectives that would govern the internal control of information and related technology which it has continued to improve over time. The control objectives include strategic alignment, Realization of expected benefits of IT, Continual assessment of IT investment, Determine risk appetite, measure and assess performance of IT resources (Simkin, Rose & Norman, 2012).There are five components that constitute

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS Research Paper

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS - Research Paper exemplarIn addition to this, the show will try to discuss about the identified issues that are affecting the growth of the country. Based on these facts and issues, finally the study will recommend in favor of a particular business plan that can be run successfully in Morocco.Present Moroccos area has been occupied since the Paleolithic times. The Maghreb was fertile than comparing to today during the Upper Paleolithic times. However, the Aterian was highly succeeded by the popular Iberomaurusian culture. This specific cultured had the similarity with the Iberian cultures. In fact the Iberomaurusian culture was highly succeeded by the popular Beaker culture in the Kingdom of Morocco. Slowly and gradually, Morocco and North Africa were drawn into the emerging Mediterranean world. It happened out-of-pocket to the initiatives and activities of Phoenicians. He actually do settlements between the established trading colonies during th e classical period. Since then, Morocco passed sev durationl eras, such as early Islamic era, era of Berber dynasties, era of Sharifian dynasties, era of Spanish and French protectorates during the First World War, King Hassan IIs reign and King Mohammed VIs Reign. Despite the understanding and deep reforms made by King Mohammed VI which answered maximum concerns created by international community, the demonstrators continued to raise their voice for greater reforms (Murphy, 2010). Finally, the government failed to deliver all the reforms that were promised in the class 2012.Berber and Arabic are the official languages of Morocco. Moroccan Arabic Dialects distinctive group is generally referred as Darija. Near about 90 percent of total nation in Morocco speaks in Moroccan Arabic. On the other hand, Berber language is generally spoken in three different dialects, such as Central book of maps Tamazight, Tashelhit and Traffit. French and English are other languages that have been pr acticed in Morocco (Njoku,

Comparison of note from underground, conclusion and aurora leigh Essay

Comparison of note from underground, conclusion and aurora leigh - Essay ExampleHe can envisage of distinguish only as the total control of a person over another. In order to feel that he has summated to invigoration in some way he often initiates arguments with others and subjects himself to profound humiliation. This gives the Underground Man a sense of satisfaction and power, as he was the cause of the pathos himself. He barely cares if the outcome is negative or positive as long as he can exercise his power. When we encounter the Underground Man, he is a complete nihilist he has no desire to interact with anyone and has total contempt for the society at large. As a young man, he is misanthropic, proud, self-effacing and bitter although he clings to certain ideas. He craves for human attention and wants others to respect and admire him for his intellect and zeal. His inability to interact with people causes his attempts to form relationships and contribute to life ends in trag edy and drives him further underground (David, & David, 2009).When he meets Liza, he has absorbed the fictitious epitome of the converted prostitute and has shed himself as the dit who will set free Liza. Later, however, her character becomes more intricate. At first, she matches the typecast of a young prostitute bored, cynical, and somewhat nave. He gives her a speech that moves her and she decides to visit him where she is turned away by cold words. Liza, even though a prostitute, still idealizes romantic love and longs for respect and affection. She treasures the one affirmation of love she has received, a note from a medical student who has no idea she is a prostitute. The Underground Man is touched by the fact that Liza so clearly treasures this letter, but his attitude toward her emotion is somewhat flippant. She is disappointed at how the Underground Man treats her after she had come to him with help and love.In Elizabeth Barett Brownings Aurora Leigh, there is the theme o f love and people who are willing to love.

Ethical dilemma, analysing the dilemma using different ethical Essay

estimable dilemma, analysing the dilemma using different ethical theories (utilitarianizm, liberty, virtue) - Essay ExampleAccording to Catherine Berglund (2007) ethics is a process of reflection. Reflecting on what is right and what seems to be wrong. Arguments argon looked at and analysed in order to come to a conclusion. It is due to medical ethics, that the right to consent and confidentiality have been identified (Holland, 2007). Ethical decisions are made every day, by every person. Is it right to park on disabled parking space when you rushing your child to the hospital? Or, is it pretty to lie to your partner even if you know that it would make him happy? This is just the tip of the moral dilemmas iceberg. In December 2011 the conjoin twins Jesus and Emmanuel were born(p) in Brazil each one have their own head, brain, nervous system, and spine. They share heart, lungs, liver and all lower body organs. Few days originally their birth Chilean conjoined twins Maria Paz and Maria Jose were separated followed by the death one of the girl a week later. The question is, should the conjoined twins be separated? Utilitarianism refers to the ethical theory, which postulates that taking an appropriate course of action increases the chances of perfection (Manuel, Claire, Shanks & Meyer, 2011). Its moral worthiness is based on the consequences of actions (Rawls, 2011). Proponents of this theory are J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham (Rawls, 2011). The virtue theory, in this respect, emphasizes on the role of an individuals quality along with such virtues embodied by ones character in the evaluation and determination of ethical behaviour (Crisp & Slote, 1997). Arguably, the virtue ethics is among the key approaches to the normative ethics, which more often than not is contrasted to deontology (Stephen, 2003). Liberty theory, on the former(a) hand, holds that the fundamental moral concepts are the individual human rights (Devettere, 2002). It holds that rights to be r espected are the ONINTERFERENCE rights (Devettere, 2002). Generally, these are categorized under rights to property, to life, and to liberty. In the spirit of liberalism, the proper condition to an individuals enjoyment of such rights is her or his duty to respect similar rights of separate people. A non-interference or negative right is an individuals legitimate claim, which holds that other individuals should not interfere with her or him in any way. A positive right is the individuals legitimate claim that ordering or possibly the government provide her or him with that which he/she requires (Devettere, 2002). Clearly, there are considerable differences in the approaches of the three theories to be applied in this case. Utilitarianism mightiness be considered as an ethical approach that is quantitative and reductionist (Stephen, 2003). It considerably differs from other ethical theories such as deontological ethics, virtue ethics, pragmatic ethics and other consequentiality a pproaches (Stephen, 2003). While deontological ethics differ from utilitarianism in their disregard for consequantialism, pragmatic, virtue and other consequentiality ethics differ from utilitarianism through their considerable regard of character as an facial gesture that determines the achievement of pleasurable ethical results (Crisp & Slote, 1997). Utilitarianism theory is arguably the greatest principle that allows achieving happiness and felicity (Rawls, 2011). While applying the utilitarian theory to this case, it can be argued that

Appraisal of a capital expenditure project Essay

Appraisal of a capital expenditure project - Essay ExampleThe collar projects have different implications on the number of people needed to operate the machines, and vary in costs and capacity. Evaluating Capital Expenditures Choosing among capital expenditure projects should not hope solely on financial assessment. It is also important to undertake a subjective evaluation of separately of the projects, in terms of its suitability for the macro-environment. An examination of the curse (political, economic, social, and technological) conditions will regularise which of the firms, if any, must be excluded by environmental conditions, or which would prove exceptionally suitable to these conditions. A risk assessment is another pre-requisite to determine which of the projects may pose extraordinary or undue risk for the company or the workers who shall be involved in the installation or operation of the new-fangled machinery. Incremental analysis shall be employed in this study, wh ich requires discounting the existing financial data reflected by current operations, and instead rendering judgment based on the analysis of changes introduced by each project. Incremental analysis includes only the financial data that would vary in the future as a result of adopting each of the possible alternatives all current data that be foreseen to remain unchanged are not included in the analysis (Weygandt, Kimmel & Kieso, 2010, p. 299). The accounts that appear in the nigh tables are the changes expected, based on estimates by the principal owners of the corporation, spouses Bill and Terry Anderson. Alternative projects swan A involves the purchase of a machine, the price and installation of which count to 110,000 during year 0. This capital expenditure is depreciated over the life of the project, which is 8 years, and since there is no salvage value the annual increase in depreciation write off is 13,750, using the straight line depreciation method. The project mechan ises some of the production functions, and as a result of adopting this Project, fewer people will need to be hired. This results in a corresponding reduction in craunch put down that gradually increases through the years as the operation becomes more efficient. Adoption of Project A does not foresee any change in revenues, cost of sales or operating expenses, other than the change in depreciation and labour expenses. The incremental accounts pertaining to Project A are shown in the next two tables. Since the increase in depreciation expense and decrease in labour expense have a cumulative effect on the net taxable income, there is a change in net income after(prenominal) tax after application of the 30% income tax rate. If the depreciation expense, which is a non- hard currency expense, is added back into the net income after tax, then the cash flow resulting from the adoption of Project A is obtained. The cash flow stream for the duration of Project A shall be used in the non-a ccounting capital expenditure assessment techniques Similarly, the incremental accounts for Project B are shown in the next two tables. Project B has a much smaller purchase and installation cost of 45,000 which comprises its initial investment. The resulting change in depreciation expense is an increase of 4,500 per year for the 10 years that constitute the life of Project B, using straight-line depreciation method. Project B has an assumed increase in revenues, owing to the fact that the business

Mrk #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Mrk 1 - Essay Examplethe same time outshine their performance in not only providing high quality computing machine products scarcely at the same time services by getting well-trained employees who do not only have the bopledge about technology and computers but at the same time have passion for doing so. Also, screening possible employees to pick out those with friendly personalities, professionalism, and patience is key to achieve this.3. Since there argon a lot of players in the business that Best Value is in, brand equity is key to gaining the trust and confidence of customers to actually look to them for their needs instead of the popular brands/companies. This would be achieved by having a clear distinctive short lettering of Best Value where customers of that certain market would be able to connect with them and know that they atomic number 18 the right place to go to. Establishing Best Value to be a local computer parts and service provider who under promises and even o ver delivers without asking for too much of a cost should be clearly communicated to its customers so they will gain a top of mind position in their market.4. Best Value sales representatives do a very important task of managing their expectations. An example of which would be to allow these customers especially those who are non-techie to recognize what the parts are for, the reason why a certain part is dysfunctional and etc. aside from that, it is important to lay it down to prospective clients that they are not as big and as well-equipped as the other big companies out there so service rendered could take a bit to a greater extent time but they would guarantee satisfaction at a lower cost for sure.Also, Best Value could make sure their clients are always laughing(prenominal) by never forgetting a follow through even after the transaction is made. One could make a call and ask them how their computers are working.5. The elaboration towards providing LAN services could pose dang ers such as the lowering of quality of computers being assembled, an employee base Best

Characteristics of the Market Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of the Market Essaya. National grocery storeProcessing the short specialty regimens with a broad product line and sales of $300 million per year which a food for thought brokers match the company to the retail food chains by the network. This company more foc go ford on ethnic food specialties which including salad dressings, sauces for Italian pasta and condiments such as specialties pickles.b. Two plants produced product iodin in the Central Valley of California at Fresno and the other in Illinois south of Chicago which they buy the ingredients from other foods suppliers to avoid the peak seasonal characteristics encountered by food packers. The company production has take place in large quantities to maintain low production costs and assure consistent product quality.c. primarily order on small quantityCompany has ordered from supplier amounting to five to six cases per order only or about 150 to two hundred pounds at a time.d. Poor deliveryHowever, cust omers have commented that the company have a poor delivery services because of many of ingredients are shipped over gigantic distances and it has depending on the season.e. Two major department managementThis is include the trade and Sales and also has Production department and several staff units for personnel, purchasing and finance. two of departments are responsible for marketing the product lines such promotion, product inventory at the public warehouses, providing sales support and also merchandising. There is also a national sales manager who responsibility for maintaining contact with food brokers, coordinating public warehouses and arrange for delivery1) Case Summary (Whats the issue?) eyeshot Foods Corporation (hereafter Horizon) is a still-growing, nationwide foods organization that is widely known for its high quality products. With $300 million sales each year, the firm has been relatively successful so far, gaining good reputation and arousing much interest of the public through its brokers and local retailers. However, as the company prospers and customers demand more, Horizon foresees a glide path crisis. The distribution issue, which the company has faced for a while, is now causing stock-outs, and increasing competition in the market is threatening the companys market share. politics involved fail to scrutinize the issue and its cause, and they are eager to blame each other for the problems. The division of labor between two major departments Marketing and Sales, and Production seems to need a complete rearrangement for a more efficient process.Horizon should also analyze its current brand positioning in the market and rework its strategies if needed. 2) Q1. What are the characteristics of the market served by the Horizon Foods Corporation? Horizon is a specialty foods processor. It has served a national market composed of food brokers who represent retail store chains. The food brokers make orders to Horizon. Generally, the orders ar e small. The production is done in two different plants thanks to the ingredients from some food suppliers.The plants are rigid in agricultural areas to reduce the cost of transportation. Moreover, Horizon produces in large quantities, and the food produced is very good in quality. The production is dispatched to several public warehouses. Then, these warehouses use contract carriers to deliver the products to the customers. Because of the small orders, the transportation cost to retail stores can be high. The market is very competitive since many of Horizons food competitors also offer a complete production line

Berlin Wall Essay Example for Free

Berlin Wall Essay A few decades ago, before the beginning of the 21st century, the introduction was divided between the East and the West US Capitalism and USSR Communism. Indeed, after World War II, two of the earthly concerns superpowers fought each other indirectly developing the idea of a silent war which later came to be known as the Cold War. During the Cold War, the worlds division was symbolically represented by the Berlin Wall the iconic divide that separated East Germany from West Germany. With this division came the idea of a divided world separated by political paranoia, hegemonic supremacy and ideological dominance all of which played a role in masking the other side of world with darkness and misinformation. Truly, the world was not integrated at that time. To a person living during that time, it may have seemed hopeless to dream of a world where everything is connected where neither political, economic nor cultural (ideological) forces and agendas shaped and d etermined, not only international affairs, but also the internal affairs of other countries.Fortunately, history has its ways. In 1989, the Berlin Wall met its utter destruction. The USSR muddled the Cold War and the United States was left as the only surviving hegemonic state that was fortunate enough to enter the 21st century with victorious colors. With its speculate victory at hand, the United States was left with no other choice but to encourage other countries to adopt their own policy of capitalism and emancipate trade. As such, with the worlds entrance to the 21st century, a new field of study was conceptualized and disseminated Globalization.though controversially dubbed as Americanization by some, Globalization is, indeed, a force of free trade that is augmented by the United States idea of Capitalism. As more and more countries began to adopt the concept of Capitalism, free trade grew in the International Community thus, sparking a phenomenal revolution a revolution w here goods, services, labor and, most important of all, information moved unprecedentedly across borders and sovereignties. In fact, this revolution was so intense that academics and economists alike began talking about the notion of a shrinking world.Indeed, with the advent of globalization came the shrinking of the world shrinking patently because people and goods can now move across countries without hindrance. Furthermore, communication took new heights into allowing individuals from a certain country to communicate with another person from a assorted that is largely opposite of his/her side of the worlds hemisphere. Truly, for the first time in the history of the world, the International Community became almost completely integrated.Though detrimental to some countries, it cannot be denied that this form of integration caused by the powerful force globalization has benefited almost every country in the world. For one thing, it has allowed consumers from different countries t o experience having different choices when it comes to buying goods. Another is that every country in the International Community today have begun to realize that economic interdependence is the keystone to immense growth and development.In other words, trading with other countries may seem a better option than conquering them. Truly, such economic integration brought about by Capitalism has made the world less likely to enter into a Third World War. Though not the first of its material body in the history of humankind, this form of integration in the 21st century is undoubtedly one of the most comprehensive and most beneficial of all. It has allowed different cultures to flourish, not only within each countrys respective societies, but also within other countries societies as well.

Contracts and Negligence Assignment Essay Example for Free

pressures and Negligence Assignment EssayQ. 1.1A Contr bet is an par all in allelism that is obligatory when imposed or acknowledged by im office staffiality. (Peel, 2010). An agreement is a burn when forged with the pull up stakesing approval of those involved in the recoil, for a pro ready status and with a legitimate object, and non hereby expressly declargond to be deflect (Malaysian Contracts Act, 1950). Contracts can either be zygomorphous or Unilateral. Bilateral Contract is an agreement where a promise is counterchanged for a promise. For instance, aim for the sale of sizables is a bilateral nail d let. The purchaser promised to purchase the goods, in return for the vendors promise to supply the goods.Figure 1Source https//www.google.co.uk/search?q=drawing+of+bilateral+contract+by+wiki musculus quadriceps femorissThe above shows both sides promise to do somethingUnilateral Contract occurs where just adept mortal makes a promise open and available to bo thone who put to deaths the required action. For example collecting the reward such(prenominal) as 100 for a lost document or pet is unilateral contract.Figure 2 Source http//www.images.123.tw/unilateral-contract/ The above shows only one side promisesContract can in addition be oral or scripted. Further more in rig for a contract to be valid the spin and acceptance criteria mustiness be met. The fair play dependabley acceptable method for a contract to be spine is illustrated in the diagram below. This is cognize as Formation of Contract. Figure 3 Source (www. rights1008.wikispaces.com)A Contract comprises of six important elements before it becomes valid and these be Offer, Acceptance, regard, Intention to create Legal relation, Certainty and Capacity. If a single one of elements mentioned above is missing, the agreed contract impart become il reasoned. The main elements argon explained belowOfferThis is the first element in a valid contract. fit to Peel (2010) an bring home the bacon is an expression of willingness to contract on specified terminations, do with the intention that it becomes masking once it is accepted by the somebody to whom it is addressed. An fissure must be communicated and should be explicit. The person putting up the offer is referred to as offerer whilst the item-by-item who receives the bid (offer) is referred to as the offeree. However, an offer must be distinguished from invitation to treat. There ar two brasss to be considered here. One cheek is Gibson v Manchester urban center Council (1979) Mr Gibson was sent a letter that informed him the council whitethorn be prepared to sell the property to him for 2,180 freehold. The City Treasurer stated in his letter that This letter should non be regarded as firm offer of a mortgage. Included in the letter was the instruction on how to complete and return the enclosed application form to make a formal bay to purchase the property.Mr Gibson did as he was reque sted only whenbecaexercising of un pass judgment change in political leadership of the council, the proposed action to sell houses to tenants was changed and Mr Gibson was notified accordingly that it would no longstanding be possible for him to buy the house. Initially the Court of Appeal affirmed in that location was a binding contract amongst the the council and Mr Gibson solely the verdict got all over districtd on appeal to the House of Lords. The prohibitedcome of the judgement states that the first note forwarded by the Council was not an offer to sell rather it is an invitation to treat and come on stated Mr Gibson did not accept an offer instead make one when he sent his completed requisitioned form. However, in an identical graphic symbol of Storer v Manchester City Council (1974), Mr Storer puts in a bid to purchase his council property and he was forwarded an Agreement for Sale of a Council House form which he signed and posted it concealment to the Council.The council received his reply before the political reform affecting the sales of house to council tenants transpired. The Council contended that the Sale of Agreement Form to sell the Council House was not an offer and in this instance no contract was contracted. However, the Judges failed to agree and ruled that the form was indeed an offer immediately Mr Storer signed the form and forwarded it back to the Council. It is minded(p) to point kayoed the differences between these two similar cases. In the case of Mr Gibson no Agreement for Sale was prepared and Mr Gibson did not sign. Whereas for Mr Storers case there was an agreement consequently, the bargaining has been done and an agreement attained. Acceptance Is defined by Chartered Institute of Taxation as any words or actions signifying the offerees consent to the terms proposed by the offeror. Acceptance must be final and unqualified. Acceptance should be conveyed to the offeree.The wordings contained in the terms of the accept ance must be exact wordings in the terms of offer. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1891) case refers. The keep company placed an advert in a newspaper, and in appendage put a sum of cash on deposit with a bank and say they would pay anyone who contacted influenza while using their products, a animate for curing flu, coughs, colds, bronchitis. It stated that anyone who had the ailment aft(prenominal) taking the medication shall be recompensed with 100. A consumer, Ms Carlill, took the medication and caught the flu. The firm was sued by her for regaining and her case was successful. Consideration means something of value is inclined by one party to the order it is the price ofthe promise (Chartered Institute of Taxation 2013) In Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v Selfridges Co. Ltd. (1915)Consideration is an act of forbearance of one party or the promise thereof, is the party which the promise of the otherwise is bought and promise thus given up for value enforceable. Sel fridges broke the term of agreement and Dunlop sued and lost the case because Dunlop could not enforce the contract because they did not provide any experi moral condition for the promise make by Selfridge. It is important to highlight that past consideration is no consideration. This means that anything done before the promise in return is given is no consideration and it is not adequate to make the promise binding. Types of consideration includeExecuted (present) this is when an act is completed. An example is a Unilateral contract Executory this is when promises hurt been made in exchange for performance of acts in the hereafter. For instance, a Bilateral contract Past consideration.In addition there are certain requirements for consideration to be valid and these are It must not be past. However, there are exceptions such as(a) Previous request where the promisor has previously asked the other to provide services. Lampleigh v Braithwait (1605) (b) condescension Situations, t hat is, when a thing is done in business and both parties perceived that it will be paid for. Caseys Patents (1892) refers. (c) The Bill of Exchange Act 1882 branch 27 (1) says provided that previous debt is valid for a bill of exchange. It has to be forbearance to sue that is, if an individual has valid claim against another person notwithstanding promises to forebear the enforcement. Combe v Combe (1951) Alliance Bank v B direction (1864) It should be passed at the request of offerer. Durga Prasad v Baldeo (1880) It must move from the promisee. Dutton v Poole (1677) Tweddle v. Atkinson (1861) It must be sufficient. Thomas v Thomas (1842) Chappel v Nestle (1960). Cannot consist solely on sentiment value White v Bluett (1853) It must be legal that is not doing things that are immoral Wyatt v Kreglinger and Fernou (1933) Performance of existing duty that is, person railroad carrying bulge out duties that nether general rules, they are required to do will not provide considerati on.Traditional authority for rule Collins v Godefroy (1831).Carrying out additional duties Glasbrook Brothers v Glasmorgan County Council (1925) Existing Contractual trading this is where an individual has promised to do a thing already obligated to them under a contract that will not amount to a genuine consideration. (Stik v Myrick (1809) 2 refugee camp 317 Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) William v Roffey if a 3rd party is owed for existing contract Duties to pay debts. This is where debts are paid in instalment. This is not a valid consideration and it is cognize as Pinnels Case. Foakes v Beer (1884) Intention to create legal relations Parties to the agreement must intend to go into a legally binding agreement or contract. This is an intention from the two involved parties to go into a lawful and binding association. If there is no intention the agreement will be void. Intention to create legal relations could be Commercial or business relations.Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Mining stoma ch Bhd (1989), or, Social friends relation. Simpkins v Pays (1955) and Family or domestic relations. Balfour v Balfour (1919). Capacity All those involved in a contract should possess legitimate ability to go into it. An individual severe physically, demented or a kid under the age of 18 cannot go into a binding. However, certain groups of people who have limitations such as kind health issue, drunks and minors under the age of 18. Those are the mentally ill, Minors under the age of 18 as stipulated by the Family Reform Act 1969. e.g. Chapple v Copper (1844) where a service was considered necessary but in the case of Nash v Inman (1908).Where a waistcoat was supplied to a minor would have been considered necessary but in this case it was the other way round as, purchase of the waistcoat is not necessary because the father had already provided the minor with some(prenominal) waistcoats. If a minor procure a luxurious thing and did not acquire because of necessity, the minor is unresistant and be responsible for his action. Privy of Contract means that a contract cannot under normal situation confer rights or impose responsibilities emerging from it on any person except those involved in it. It is also kn consume as Rights of the third party Act 1999. Treitel (2004) It isin also the relationship between the parties to an agreement, though there are exceptions, Q. 1.2.Face to Face (Verbal or Oral) This is an agreement base on spoken promises, however it may be difficult to testify and it legally binding andboth parties will understand what they have agreed to and bargained in good faith. www.ehow.com Phillip v Brooks (1919) case refers. It is case that involved a thief who falsely pretended to be Sir George Bullogh and bought jewellery under Sir Bulloghs name with a cheque. The thief convinced the jeweller to part with the ring because his wifes birthday was next day. The jeweller was convinced the was indeed Sir Bullogh after checking the address direct ory which tallies with Sir Bulloghs address details. As soon as the rogue left, he sold the ring under the false name of Mr Frith and vanished into thin air. The claimant instituted a unilateral mistake of identity legal action.The case was affirmed that the transaction was not void for mistake because the parties transacted a face-to-face contract and in law it was assumed they dealt with the person before them and not the person they claimed to be. Written Contract This is a pen document indicating an agreement between two individuals. The parties can be human beings, organisations and businesses. All parties will have to append their sig genius to the contract to be legitimate. It also acts to protect both parties from breach of contract. www.wisegeek.com On-line This is also known as Distance Selling when goods are sold to consumers void of face-to-face contact and done through Internet, e.g. Amazon.co.uk, eBay, booking vacation and on line banking. This slip of transaction is governed by the Distance Selling Act 2000.Four contractual elements are contained in on-line contracts offer, acceptance, consideration and intention. Contracts by Deed is a written document signed by the promisor and it must be clear be clear in the wording of the document that is intended to take yield as a deed. The must be witnessed by a third party. (Chartered Institute of Taxation 2013). The property title will not be given to the potential buyer until the final payment is made. It is also referred to as gross revenue Contract. Q. 1.3. basis are the contents of contract. It is used in the civil law, to denote the space of time given to the debtor to discharge his obligation.Terms could be expressive resulting from positive stipulations of an agreement. It could be of right or of grace it is not within the agreement. Terms are of grace when it is afterwards granted by the judge at the requisition of the debtor. Contracts terms may be expressive or implied and could be categ orise as either conditions, or warranties or innominate terms. www.tutor2u.net An express term is one thathas been particularly stated and agreed by both individuals at the time the contract is executed. It could be written or oral. www.tutor2u.net Implied terms are words or stipulations that a coquette presumes were planned to be incorporated in a contract centre the terms are not expressively mentioned in the contract. www.elawresources.co.uk It could beTerms implied through custom, Hutton v Warren (1836) EWHC J61 In fact. The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64At Law Shell UK v Lostock Garage Limited (1976) 1 WLR 1187There are two main types of implied term(a)Terms implied by statue for example Sales of Goods Act 1979. There are about four key provision but I will use Section as an example that says goods should be of satisfactory quality meaning they should be up to standard a rational individual would consider satisfactory and if the purchaser says the good is being purchased for a dist inct reason, there is an implied terms the products are suitable for the intended purpose. www.tutor2u/net (b) Terms implied by law courts an example is if the courts held that landlords of blocks of flat should keep the communal areas including lifts, steps etc. in a reasonable state of repairs so that the term was implied into the rent contract. an example case is Liverpool City Council v Irwin (1977) AC 236 HL Innominate term this when the parties involved fail to classify the commitments in the contract, the court will hold that they are unattested and apply the ex-post consequence of breach test.The judgement given will depend on the magnitude of the breach. Case of Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kaisen Kaisha (1962) 2 QB 26 refers. Condition is a paramount term of the contract that goes late into the contract. For example if a proviso is contravened the guiltless party is empower to renounce the contract and claim compensations. In the matter of Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410. Madame Poussard entered into contract to perform as an opera singer for three months. She was ill pentad days before the opening night and unable to perform for four days, held that she breached condition and that Spiers were entitled to end the contract. Warranties are minor terms of a contract which are not central to the existence of the contract. If a warranty is breached the innocent party may claim damages but cannot end the contract.Bettini v Gye (1876) QBD 183. softwoodr puff is an expression of exaggeration made by a sales person or found in advertisement that concerned the goods offered for sale. It represents opinions instead of facts and is usually not considered a legally binding promise. example of trader puff this is in good shape and your wife will love this car Representation Term is used in reference to any expressed or implied statement made by one of the parties to a contract in the course of negotiation to another regarding a particular fact or cir cumstances that influence the deed of the deal and if not honoured the innocent party may bring an action for misrepresentation. (There are three types of misrepresentation as follows Innocent, fraudulent and negligent misrepresentations (e-law resources)Learning import 2Mini-case AThe case above is an expressive term Bi-lateral case one involving Fiona and her uncle which involves offer and acceptance. Uncle Arnold was the offerer and Fiona the offree. The offer here was 15,000. The main element of this case was that of acceptance. The agreement failed referable to non-acceptance and time as consideration because the uncle said fairly quickly with a third party involved I have already had a good offer from my colleague so the side by side(p) is to be considered when giving the verdict Term Offer 15,000 and Acceptance by Fiona, Bi-lateral, both written and expressive Consideration Time fairly quicklyThird Party involved with better offer (Privity)Even though no clear like a s hot form of acceptance occurred it is still a legal binding agreement but in this case Fiona cannot claim compensation for breach of agreement because it failed collectable to her delay and negligence in not responding in time. Therefore, if Fiona decides to go to court her case is not substantial enough to award her for damages. However, under vicarious liability Fiona can make a claim in court if she wishes. An example is Harvey v Facey (1893) AC 552 Privy Council. This was a case between Harvey and Facey in which correspondences were interchange regarding sales of bumper foyer Pen asking for the sale of the property. (This was a distance offer as it was done through telegram).When Harvey asked Will you sell us BumperHall Pen?. Facey responded Lowest price for the Bumper Hall Pen 900 to which Harvey responded We agree to purchase Bumper Hall Pen for 900 asked by you. Please forward your title deed so that we may get early possession. Unknown to Harvey Facey was already negotia ting with Kingston Council. The transaction failed and Harvey sued Facey. The issue in this case is was that there was no clear offer from Facey to sell the property to Harvey so the Privy Council ruled that An offer cannot be implied by writing. It can only be concrete and sound. The appellant Harvey cannot imply that Facey made an offer when he did not (www.casebriefsummary.com) Mini case BThis is a distance, face-to face executed consideration and unilateral case involving offer of intention made by Mrs Smith open to everyone so no need for acceptance in this instance. The offer here is the reward of 10 if her lost cat is found which did not involve transport cost. Mrs Smith refusal to David 25 which include cost of transportation is valid and justified as payment for transportation was not include in the advert so therefore David has no case and could not claim for compensation if he goes to court. See Leonard v PepsiCo. PepsiCo placed a special television advert stating Pepsi points if Pepsi was drank highlighting a young person arriving at school in Harriet jet and mentioned that the harrier jet was for 7,000,000 Pepsi points. Leonard attempted to collect the Harrier jet by forwarding 15 Pepsi points accompanied with a cheque for $700,000.00 in order to obtain the Harrier jet. PepsiCo refused the delivery of the Harrier jet. Leonard lost the case because advertisement was not an offer. Mini-case CMrs Harris, the owner of three rented houses in Extown, asks her next-door neighbour, Ted, to collect rent from the tenants for her while she is oversea on business. Ted collects the rents and when Mrs Harris returns, she says to him, Ill give you 50 for your fit. Later Mrs Harris refuses to pay Ted. Here is a bi-lateral verbal, expressive offer and acceptance case between Mrs Harris and Ted. The main contract element issue here is consideration because the act has already been performed by Ted before the agreement was met. Even with no binding agreement, the rule of consideration applies in this case because consideration can never be past or post, therefore in this case, Ted can sue Mrs Harris for consideration and breach of Contractfor his claims. For example see the case of Labriola v canvass Group, Inc. (2004) Mini-case DThe above is an offer and acceptance bi-lateral expressive written contract case between Lynx Cars Ltd and Roadstar Ltd though the agreement is not legal binding. The offeror is Lynx Cars Ltd whilst the offeree is Roadstar Ltd. The contract term as stated here are the quantity of cars (2000), time limit of five years with no financial liberation incurred. Roadstar Ltd was informed in good time of just four weeks cancellation into the agreement. My verdict is that for Roadstar Ltd to make a claim the agreement must be legally binding which is missing in this case. Therefore Roadstar can withdraw from the agreement but cannot make any claims for compensation because of reasons given above. Mini-case EThe above case was initially a unilateral case because it was advertised and opened to all but after the agreement was signed between Slick Cars and capital of Minnesota it became Bi-lateral. The agreement was also an expressive one with contract term of conditions, warranty and trade puffs met. However if in the future something goes wrong with the car, Paul is not entitled too claims because all the sales conditions were met as of the time of purchase. Also if the car was discovered to have been stolen, Slick Cars Ltd and not Paul will be liable for prosecution. The warranty on the car includes the refund of road tax payment and an implied term of buying a car from their hundreds of cars.All the conditions regarding the sales of the car have been met bargain including the traders puff. My advice to Paul is to go ahead and buy the car as he has no liability regarding the car even if the car was to be a stolen one. However if the Trade puff does not represent what the advert says, or any of the c ondition is missing, Paul has the right to terminate the agreement his money will be refunded but will not be entitled to any compensation. However if the Trade puff defaults and Paul has evidence to support it, Paul can sue for compensation. finding of fact Paul to buy the car but he should bear in mind that the warranty cannot end the contract but again, he could be compensated. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1891) case refers. Mini-case FThe above is a clear case of tort negligence and breach duty of apportion. Negligence nonstarter on traffic of Care on both the part of the Council and the Leisure Centre. The Councils notice was partially obscured so not visible to Jim and his wife, also the Council should have cut the overgrown shrubs failure to do this is maintenance negligence as this accident could have been prevented in addition Jims car damaged by the Council van is a health is an implied term and base hit issue for which the Council is liable. The Leisure Cen tre on the other hand did not show any Duty of Care when the accident happened and therefore liable to pay for injuries and other related costs. In view of the above, it is my considered advice that Jim and his wife get compensated. See Blake v Galloway (2004) CAQ. 3.1 civil wrong is a civil wrong committed against an individual and originated from the Latin word tortum meaning twisted wrong and also conceded in court law as arguments for a legal action that can be resolved through compensations. See, e.g. Smith v. United States, 507 U.S. 197 (1993). This is a case involving the of a husband who got killed whilst litigateing for a private firm under contract to a Federal Agency in Antarctica a region with no recognised government and without civil tort law and the wife sued The United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) for wrongful death in action.The case was dismissed by the District court for lack of jurisdiction because Mrs Smiths case was stopped by FTCAs foreign country exception policy that states that the statutes run of sovereignty immunity does not apply, however, the Court of Appeals affirmed. (https//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/507/179/case.html) The principal reason for tort law is ensuring compensation is given for the injuries sustained and to prevent others from committing the equivalent rail ats. Inclusive of the types of injuries the injured party may recover are loss of salaries fitness, pain hardship, and rational medical costs. These are inclusive of both present and future evaluate losses. Tort could be in form of trespass, assault, battery, negligence, products liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress Torts are classified into three categories as followsIntentional torts These are intentional acts that are rationally and foreseeably done to injure another person. Intentional torts are unethical behaviours the suspect knew or should have known could transpire as a result of their actions or in actions, an example is to intentionally hit a person. Case of Broome v Perkins 1987 Crime LR 271 refers. The appellant was diabetic and drove in an unsafe manner whilst suffering from hypo-glycaemia, a low blood sugar level caused by an excess of insulin in the bloodstream. His claim of non-insane automatism failed because of evidence that he had caused conscious hear over his car by veering away from other vehicles so as to avoid a collision and braking.His was found unrighteous for driving without idle make do and attention Negligent torts are the most common tort used to describe behaviour that constitute unreasonable finds to legal injury to a person or property or where the defendants actions were irrationally precarious. Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 in this case the defendants haystack caught fire because of poor ventilation. The defendant had been warned several times that the haystack could cause fire but he contended he had used his acumen and did not antic ipate a risk of fire. The court held his system of logic was inadequate. He was adjudged by the standard of a reasonable man. (www.e-lawresources.co.uk) However, it pertinent to mention that not all wrongful act is a tort. In order for a tort to be constituted the following must exist Every wrongful act is not a tort. To constitute a tort,There must be an unjustified action carried out an individual person The unjustified action must be grave in nature to have given warranted a judicial relief and Such judicial relief should be in the manner of an action for un-established injuries.Strict liability torts are when a person places another in danger in the absence of negligence because he possessed weapon, animal or product and it is not compulsory for the plaintiff to prove negligence meaning mens rea. http//education-portal.com See Sweet v Parsley 1970 HL This is a case involving a landlady who lets rooms to tenants however she kept a room for herself and visits once in a while to collect her letters and the rent. In her absence the house was raided by the police and cannabis found. She wasfound guilty under s5 of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1965 (now replaced), of being concerned in the management of premises used for the smoking of cannabis. She appealed and claimed no understanding of the situation and could not be expected to rationally have acquired such understanding.Her conviction was revoked by The House of Lords, due to lack of proof that she purposely rented her house to be used for drug-taking, since the statute in question created a serious, or truly criminal offence, the judgement convicting her would have grave consequences for the landlady who is the defendant. Lord Reid stated that a stigma still attaches to any person convicted of a truly criminal offence, and the more serious or more disgraceful the offence the greater the stigma. Lord Reid in furtherance pointed out that it was inappropriate to levy her for total liability for this type of wron gdoing because the people who were in charge for renting properties are not likely to have anticipated everything that their tenants were doing. It is imperative to mention that there are both similarities and differences in torts. Similarities between tort and contract lawsThe above two laws share the same similarities in that they are both civil wrong. In tort the injured person will claim damages with a classical example of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) whilst in contract the injured person will sue for compensation an example is the case of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Limited v New Garage Motor Co Limited (1915) A C 79. In both tort and contract violations monetary rewards or any payment that will atone for the losses Differences between tort and contract laws are shown in the table below Tort LawContract LawNo relationship with the claimant, could be total strangeClaimants could be known to each other and parties to the contract apply not necessary liability is warranted by one individual against another Consenting parties are involvedTort is punitiveContracts is positive, creative situationsTort is used to claim compensation by the injured partyContract involves two or more partiesIn tort damages are imposed by court or negotiatedIn Contract compensations are awarded as stipulated in the contractual agreement Tort law is not codifiedContract law is codifiedTort law safeguards right in rem available against everyoneIt protects rights in personam meaning against a particular person Damages are un-liquidatedDamages are liquidatedSource http//www.acadmia.eduQ. 3.2Negligence is the failure to take reasonable care or exercise the required amount of care to preventing harming others. An example is where an accident occurs that injured another person or cause damage to the car because the number one wood was driving erratically, the driver could be sued for negligence. http//www.thismatter.com Negligence in behaviour and duty usually have a disastrous effect on individuals and the society as whole, and in order to protect the society from these dangerous acts, legal steps are taken such as included in the elements of negligence. Consequently, elements of negligence as explained below Duty of Care is the statutory obligation made mandatory on every rational human being of sound mind to exercise a level of care towards an individual, as passably in all the situations, so as to avoid spot to other fellow human being from being or damage his or her property. An example is the celebrated case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) in which the claimant drank ginger beer bought by her friend containing a dead snail causing her harm .This case brought about the neighbour principle test and according to Lord Atkin Reasonable care must be taken to avoid acts or inadvertence which one can middling foresee to injure ones neighbour and this brought about the question Who then in law is my neighbour? Neighbours are those individuals who will be closely and directly affected by ones act This case led to the Neighbours principle. Duty of care is therefore based on the relationship of different parties involved, negligent act or omission and the reasonable foreseeability of loss to that person http//.www.carewatch.blogspot.co.uk. The loss here may arise as a result of misfeasance or nonfeasance and may also cause pureeconomic loss as I the case of Ultramares Corporation v Touche (1931) and psychiatrist damage or nervous shock. Case of Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire police (1991) refers In order to establish a Care of duty, the listed bullet points below also known as the tripartite contained in negligence must be met The element must be reasonably be foreseeableThere must be a relationship between the claimant and the defendant It must be fair, just and reasonable in such milieu or situation for a duty of care to be sanctioned. Example is the matter of Caparo v Dickman (1990) HL a case involving auditors certifying false trace for the company. (www.sixthformlaw.info) Breach of Duty is where the defendant fails to meet the standard of care as stipulated by law and to confirm if the defendant owed the plaintiff any moral or obligatory duty. However the defendant is not enforced to have any contractual liability with the plaintiff. The responsibility can be moral or legitimate. Example is the case of Willsher v Essex Area Health Authority (1988) 1 AC 1074 in which a premature babe was given overdose of oxygen by a junior doctor that affected the babys retina and made him blind. The case was affirmed as the defendant was in breach of duty (www.e-lawresource.co.uk) psychiatrical Injury This arises from sudden assault on the nervous system (www.lawteacher.net) and until recently was uncertain in tort of negligence.For claimants to make claims regarding psychiatric injury he or she must be able to prove that the injury was genuine. However emotions of grief or sorrow are not enough to cause psychiatric i njury Hinz v Berry (1970) 2 QB 40 The Hinz family went out for a day trip when a jaguar driven by Berry ran into the Hinzs car killing the Mr Hinz and injuring the children. Mrs Hinz witnessed the incident and became depressed but her claim was rejected by the Court of Appeal. Factual Causation This is the help where it must be proved reasonably in the law that the defendants action led to damage. This in some cases, applying but for test in most cases resolve the disputed torts law cases but if it was proved, the fact must go hand in hand with the other elements, in order to make the case valid and if established, then the defendant is said to be liable to damages.The case of Barnet v Chelsea Kensington Hospital Management Committee (1969) in which a Mr Barnett went to hospital and complained of stomach pains and vomiting, he was tended to(p) to by a nurse whoinformed the doctor on duty. The doctor told the nurse to send him home and visit his GP in the morning. Mr Barnet passed away five hours later due to arsenic poisoning. Even if the doctor had examined Mr Barnett at the time he visited the hospital there was nothing he could have done to pen him. The hospital was found not liable but this case introduced the but for test that is, the hospital was not negligent for the death of Mr Barnett. Bermingham. (2005). However, there is no need to prove negligence has a certain pattern or order. The elements are principally the determining rules in assessing whether a certain case is a case of negligence or not.Damages This is the sum of money a plaintiff gets awarded in a lawsuit. There are various types of damages such as Special damages caused by the injury received inclusive of medical and hospital bills, ambulance charges, loss of wages, property repair or replacement costs or loss of money due on a contract. General damages is a result of the other partys actions, however, they are subjective both in nature and in determining the value of damages. These i nclude pain and suffering, future problems and crippling effect of an injury, loss of ability to perform various acts, shortening of life span, mental anguish, and loss of companionship, loss of reputation in a libel suit, humiliation from scars, loss of anticipated business and other harm. Exemplary (Punitive) damages This is the combination of punishment and the setting of public example.Exemplary damages may be awarded when the defendant acted in a malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton or grossly reckless way in causing the special and general damages to the plaintiff. On occasion punitive damages can be greater than the actual damages, for example, in a intimate harassment case or fraudulent schemes, though these damages are often requested for, they are rarely granted. Nominal damages These are damages awarded when the actual harm is minor and an award is necessitated under the circumstances. The most famous case was when Winston Churchill was awarded a shilling (a bout 25 cents) against author Louis Adamic, who wrote that the British Prime take care had been drunk at a dinner at the White House. The Times. (1947) Liquidated damages are damages pre-set by the parties in a contract to be awarded in case one party defaults as in breach of contract. The case of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company v New Garage Motor co (1915) AC 70 refers.Defences forNegligence This is where the defendant tries to introduce evidence that he did not cause the plaintiffs damage or injury. (www.injury.findlaw.com) There are several demurrals obtainable to negligence claims such as Violenti non fit injuria This is a Latin phrase which means for a willing person, there is no harm and used in civil cases as a defence especially when the claimant voluntarily assented to start legal risk of harm at his own peril. In the case of Smith v Baker (1891) AC 325. The plaintiff was engaged by the defendants on a railway construction site and during the course of his work rocks were moved over his head by a crane. It was known to both the plaintiff and his employers that there a risk possibility of a stone dropping on him and had earlier complained to his employer about the risk A stone fell and injured him and he sued his employers for negligence.His employer pleaded violenti non fit injuria and declined by the court because although the plaintiff knew about the risk and continued to work but no evidence shown that he voluntarily undertook to run the risk of injury, but his continuance to work did not indicate volens (his consent). contributive negligence This defence applies where the damage suffered by was caused partly both by the claimant and the defendant. Here the defendant must prove that the claimant failed to take reasonable care for his own safety and this caused the damage. This was enacted in the Law Reform Contributory Negligence Act 1945 according to Cracknell (2001) that (1) Where any person suffers damage as the result is partly of his own fa ult and partly of the fault of any other person or persons, a claim in respect in respect of the damage shall not be defeated by by reasons of the fault of the person suffering the damage, but the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be decrease to such extent as the court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimants share in the responsibility of the damage so, if contributory negligence is affirm the claimant would be awarded the cost proportional to his own fault of the damage.For example if the claimant was entitled to 20,000.00 (Twenty thousand Pounds and he was responsible for 25 per cent of the damage, the claimant would be awarded 15,000.00 (Fifteen thousand Pounds only). However, sometimes contributory negligence operates in complete defence as in Common law where the court found the claimant to be partially blame for their injuries they qualification receive nothing. In the case of Butterfield v Forrester (1809) 11 East 60the plaintiff was injured wh en rode his horse erratically and ran into a post obstruction negligently left on the road by the defendant near his house with the intentions of carrying out repairs. A witness confirmed the plaintiff (Butterfield) was riding dangerously and could not avoid the post. The witness further testified that if the plaintiff was not riding dangerously he would have seen the post and the accident would have been avoided. The plaintiff was found guilty of contributory negligence and received nothing. Froom v Butcher (1976) QB 286. The driver of a car did not use the safety belt and was seriously injured in the accident with the defendants car as a result of the defendants negligence. The injuries sustained by the driver would not have been that serious if he wore the seat belt. His damages were reduced by 20 per cent by the Court of Appeal.This accident resulted in the introduction of not wearing safety belt as a criminal offence. Statutory or Common Law Justification In certain situation a person may have a worthy defence to a tort action if he has valid evidence that his actions are covered by statutory rule and applicable law or legislation. A good example is the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1968 distinctly setting out the power of Police to arrest, stop and search and entry. If these powers are used fairly and responsibly, the Act will yield a good defence to a tort action. Self-defence business leader possibly be a good justification in common law for tortious actions as in the case of R v blend Williams (1984) 78 Cr. App. R. 276. Ex turpli causa non oritur actio (Illegality) This is coined from Latin to mean of an illegal act there can be no lawsuit (www.legal-glossary.com) In the case of Vellino v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester (2002) 1 WLR 218 Court of Appeal Vellino was a regular offender with history of convictions. He was arrested and as usual tried to ricochet from the second floor window and got himself injured seriously.The Police were awa re of his several attempts in the past and knew this to be dangerous but did nothing to stop him from escaping. In his attempt to escape from the second floor he injured himself and suffered fractured skull resulting in brain damage and quadriplegia also known as tetraplegia, a paralysis caused by the injury he sustained making completely dependent on people for support. Vellino sued the Police and claimed they owe him duty of care to prevent him from injuring himself which the Police denied and in their defence raised ex turpi causa that it was a criminaloffence for an arrested person to attempt to escape. The claimants appeal was dismissed. Consent Is a full defence raised in civil cases especially when a defendant is sued for civil litigation for committing an intentional tort. . It is also referred to as assumption of risk and it plays an important business office in law. In common law consent is regarded as a necessary ingredient for creating a binding contractual bargain.In a ddition Consent is very closely linked with volenti non fit injuria. Below are the types of Consent Express Consent Is when the defendant agreed to willingly submit to plaintiffs action. For example, Tom willingly takes part in a tackle football game and Henry tackled Tom, Tom suffers a knee injury. Henry is not liable because Tom obviously consented by agreeing to take part in the game. Implied Consent is deduced from plaintiffs conduct. (OBrien v Cunard S. S. Co., 28 N. E. 266 (1891) Plaintiff was a passenger abroad on one of the Defendants ships. She was vaccinated whilst on the ship and suffered complication resulting in injury. She sued for assault and injury. Her case was dismissed on the grounds that she did not object when the defendants doctor indicated he wants to vaccinate her.Informed Consent This is an individuals agreement to allow something to occur made with full knowledge of the risks involved and other options to his chosen course of action. However, consent by the plaintiff does not authorise the defendant to do whatever he wishes to the plaintiff because of the contact that the defendant made with the plaintiff should not go beyond what the plaintiff consented to. For example, if I visited my Dentist to remove a rotten tooth and in the process he noticed a tumor and removed it without my consent. I could sue my GP for assault and injury because I did not consent to him to remove the tumour I only consented to him to remove my rotten tooth. (1) Consent will be void if it is obtained by trickery or by fraudulent means. Bartell v. State 82 N.W. 142 (Wis. 1900). Case refers.(2) Consent will be void if it is given under duress or threats of physical force.(3) Consent will also be void if it was given as a result of a mistake and the mistake was(a) Caused by the defendant, or(b) The defendant was aware of the mistake and he did not bouncing the plaintiff.Necessity It is an affirmative defence that is raised when a tortious act is committed by a n individual, for the prevention of greater harm or injury from occurring to the community, defendant or defendants property. Regina v Dudley Stephen (1884) 14 QBD 273 DC. In this case, Dudley and Stephen the defendants and Brooms were ship wrecked with Parker, a fellow young seaman. They have been without food and water for nearly three weeks. The defendants killed Parker to provide food for themselves to save them from starvation but Brooms dissented. They were found guilty of murder (www.casebriefs.com) Q. 3.3Vicarious liability is one which on one individual as a result of an action of another. Rutherford and Bone. (1993). For example, is the liability of an employer for the acts and omission of his employees. It can be regarded as strict liability due to the defendant not being at fault. The most popular vicarious liability is when the employee otherwise the tortfeasor commits a tort while in his employers employment, the employer is held liable and this due to the doctrine o f respondeat superior a Latin phrase meaning let the master answer . For a court to establish if an employee acted whilst in employment the following must be confirmed if Did the action happen whilst the employee is at work and during working hours? Did the employer employ the employer when the incident occurred? Was the injury due to the actions of the employee in the role the employed was hired? Example is the case of Mattis v Pollock (t/a Flamingos Nightclub) (2003) EWCA Civ 887 The bouncer was employed by Flamingo night club and in the course of do his duty he got into a fight with one the customers and stabbed the customer.His employer were held liable for the injuries caused to the customer. Other case example is Other was in which a business can be liable in vicarious manner is when the employee acted in an unauthorised ways whilst performing the contractual duties, or when the employee acted against his employers instruction, or if the employee commits fraud andacted agains t his work boundaries. In all the above, the employer is still liable vicariously. Examples of different cases are enumerated below In the case of Century Insurance Co. Road Transport Board (1942) AC 509 HL and Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co (1862). The driver o a petrol tanker was in employment whilst transferring petrol into and underground storage tank. He struck a match to light a cigarette resulted in explosion that caused a lot of damage. It was held negligent the driver was negligent in carrying out his duties and his employer was found negligent. Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co. (1862) in this case the driver was speeding to collect passengers and purposely obstructed the driver of a rival company and overturned the latters bus despite that the bus driver had been warned strictly not to cause obstruction.His employer LGOC was found liable Employee committing a fraud whilst in employment is illustrated in the case of Lloyd v Grace, Smith and Co. 1912 in this case the plaintiff wants to sell some cottages and went to the solicitors. The managing clerk of Lloyd conned the plaintiff to transfer the cottages to him and embezzled part of the mortgage money. Lloyd was sued by the employee and they were found liable for the fraud committed by the clerk even though it was only the clerk who benefited from the fraud. Control Test The suppress test was the original test that has its origin in master and servant law and it also explore who has dominance over the way work is carried out the work. This test was applied in Mersey dock and Harbour Boards v Coggins and Griffiths Ltd (1946) Mersey Dock was in charge of training and for providing crane operator to organizations. Mersey contracted one of his operators to docker Company and caused injuries through his negligent in operating of the crane. Mersey Dock was found liable as it was assumed the crane operator was in their employment as a contractor.Finally, the Employees criminal behaviour is one of th e positive factors of how a business can be vicariously liable because if whilst in employment commits any criminal action his employer is liable vicariously the case of Heasemans v Clarity Cleaning (1987) Court of Appeal where the defendant employed an office cleaner who in the course of her duty used the plaintiffs telephone for international calls. The appeal of the contactor was successful as it was held that was not vicariously liable for his employees act Health and gumshoe Act 1974 It is also referred to as HSWA or HASAWA is the main pieceof law or legislation that covers occupational health and safety at work and gives wide-ranging duties on employers to ensure in a reasonable practical manner the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees, also it also expect some degree of responsibilities from employees. Source (http//www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm)The main purpose of this Act is to ensureThe security, of health and safety as well as the welfare of individ uals at work To protect individuals against risk to health and or safety in relations to the activities of individuals at work To control and prevent the use of illegally acquired of hazardous dangerous substances. Employers responsibilities includeTo provide and maintain safety equipment and safe systems at work. To ensure hazardous materials used are properly stored, handled, utilized and transported safely To provide supervision, instruction, information, training at work for employees To ensure the control of certain emission into airTo provide a safe working environmentTo provide a written safety policy/risk assessment for employees Look after the health and safety of others such as the members of public. On the other hand, the employees responsibilities include Taking care of their own health and safety and that of others, failure to do this makes the employees liable Must avoid interfering with things provided by the employer in the chase of health and safety Must cooperate with their employersSource (http//www.slideshare.net/ManojRNair/work-based-learning-health-and-safety-act-1974) Finally, it is worth mentioning that there are other several relevant legislations amongst which are Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999Fatal Accident Act 1976Limitation Act 1980Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969Employers Liability (Defective Equipment) 1969Civil Procedures Rules (as revise by the Woolf reforms)Sources (www.leeds.ac.uk)In conclusion the above report has critically and chronically been done and analysed to reflect on all the relevant issues affecting Aspects of Contracts and Negligence.Vicarious Liability. 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